6.1.1 Finite length string

6.1.1.1 [335] General solution for both ends fixed. Domain is \(0\dots L\)
6.1.1.2 [336] both ends fixed, inital position zero (special case)
6.1.1.3 [337] both ends fixed, inital velocity zero (special case)
6.1.1.4 [338] both ends fixed but domain is \(-\pi \dots \pi \). zero intial position, non zero initial velocity
6.1.1.5 [339] both ends fixed but domain is \(-1 \dots 1\). intial position is an impulse, zero initial velocity
6.1.1.6 [340] Logan book, page 28. Both ends fixed
6.1.1.7 [341] non-zero initial velocity. Both ends fixed
6.1.1.8 [342] Logan book page 149)
6.1.1.9 [343] Haberman 8.5.2 (a)
6.1.1.10 [344] Haberman 8.5.2 (b)
6.1.1.11 [345] Both I.C. not zero
6.1.1.12 [346] With constant source
6.1.1.13 [347] Logan page 213
6.1.1.14 [348] Telegraphy PDE
6.1.1.15 [349] Dispersion term present (general case)
6.1.1.16 [350] Dispersion term present
6.1.1.17 [351] Dispersion term present (specific case)
6.1.1.18 [352] non-zero initial position
6.1.1.19 [353] With source
6.1.1.20 [354] Right end free (general case)
6.1.1.21 [355] Right end free, zero initial velocity (general case)
6.1.1.22 [356] Right end free, zero initial velocity (special case)
6.1.1.23 [357] Right end free, zero initial velocity, damping present (general case)
6.1.1.24 [358] Right end free, zero initial velocity, damping present (special case, underdamped)
6.1.1.25 [359] Right end free, zero initial velocity, damping present (special case, critical damped)
6.1.1.26 [360] Right end free, zero initial velocity, damping present (special case, over damped)
6.1.1.27 [361] I.C. at different times, right end free, with source
6.1.1.28 [362] Right end oscillates
6.1.1.29 [363] Perioidic B.C.
6.1.1.30 [364] Mixed B.C.
6.1.1.31 [365] Left end fixed, right end non-homogeneous Neumann BC. Zero initial conditions

6.1.1.1 [335] General solution for both ends fixed. Domain is \(0\dots L\)

problem number 335

Added July 7,2019

Solve for \(u(x,t)\) for \(t>0\) and \(0<x<L\) \[ u_{tt} = c^2 u_{xx} \] With boundary condition both ends fixed \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(L,t) &=0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= f(x) \\ u_t(x,0) &= g(x) \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == f[x], Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == g[x]}; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions->L>0], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) \left (\cos \left (\pi t \sqrt {\frac {c^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}}\right ) \int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx+\frac {L \left (\int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} g(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\pi t \sqrt {\frac {c^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}}\right )}{\pi | c| | K[1]| }\right ) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land ((L<0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))\lor (L>0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))) \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f(x),eval(diff(u(x,t),t),t=0)=g(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\pi c n \left (\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) \cos \left (\frac {\pi c n t}{L}\right )+L \left (\int _{0}^{L}g \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi c n t}{L}\right )\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{\pi L c n}\]

Hand solution

Solving for \(t>0,0<x<L\)\[ u_{tt}=c^{2}u_{xx}\] With BC \begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( L,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \\ u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =g\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Let \(u=X\left ( x\right ) T\left ( t\right ) \). The PDE becomes\begin {align*} \frac {T^{\prime \prime }X}{c^{2}} & =X^{\prime \prime }T\\ \frac {1}{c^{2}}\frac {T^{\prime \prime }}{T} & =\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \end {align*}

Where \(\lambda \) is separation constant. Hence the eigenvalue ODE is \begin {align*} X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\\ X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\\ X\left ( L\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

From the boundary conditions, we see that \(\lambda >0\) is the only possible value. Therefore the solution to the above ODE is\[ X\left ( x\right ) =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Since \(X\left ( 0\right ) =0\) then \(A=0\) and the solution becomes \(X\left ( x\right ) =B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \). Since \(X\left ( L\right ) =0\) then for non trivial solution we want \(\sqrt {\lambda }L=n\pi \) or \[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] Hence the eigenfunctions are \[ \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] The time ODE now becomes\[ T^{\prime \prime }+c^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}T=0 \] Which has the solution\[ T\left ( t\right ) =D_{n}\cos \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) \] Therefore the complete solution becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \tag {1} \end {equation} At \(t=0\) the above becomes\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }D_{n}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Applying orthogonality gives\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx & =D_{n}\int _{0}^{L}\Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {L}{2}D_{n} \end {align*}

Hence\begin {equation} D_{n}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\tag {2} \end {equation} Taking time derivative of (1) gives\[ u_{t}\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( -c\frac {n\pi }{L}D_{n}\sin \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) +E_{n}c\frac {n\pi }{L}\cos \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] At \(t=0\) the above becomes\[ g\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }E_{n}c\frac {n\pi }{L}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Applying orthogonality gives\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx & =E_{n}c\frac {n\pi }{L}\int _{0}^{L}\Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {L}{2}E_{n}c\frac {n\pi }{L}\\ & =\frac {1}{2}E_{n}cn\pi \end {align*}

Hence\begin {equation} E_{n}=\frac {2}{cn\pi }\int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\tag {3} \end {equation} Using (2,3) in (1) gives the final solution as\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}s\right ) ds\right ) \cos \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \\ & +\frac {2}{c\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {1}{n}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}g\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}s\right ) ds\right ) \sin \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \end {align*}

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6.1.1.2 [336] both ends fixed, inital position zero (special case)

problem number 336

Added July 8,2019

Solve for \(u(x,t)\) for \(t>0\) and \(0<x<L\) \[ u_{tt} = c^2 u_{xx} \] With boundary condition both ends fixed \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(L,t) &=0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= f(x) \\ u_t(x,0) &= g(x) \\ \end {align*}

Using the following values \begin {align*} L&=10\\ c&=2\\ f(x)&=0\\ g(x)&= \frac {8 x (L-x)^2}{L^3} \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
L=10; c=2; f=0; g=(8*x*(L-x)^2)/L^3; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == f, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == g}; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]]; 
sol = sol/.K[1]->n;
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {160 \left (2+(-1)^n\right ) \sin \left (\frac {n \pi t}{5}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {n \pi x}{10}\right )}{n^4 \pi ^4}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
L:=10; 
c:=2; 
f:=0; 
g:=(8*x*(L-x)^2)/L^3; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f,eval(diff(u(x,t),t),t=0)=g; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {160 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}+2\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{10}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n t}{5}\right )}{\pi ^{4} n^{4}}\]

Hand solution

Solving the wave PDE on string with both ends fixed \[ u_{tt}=c^{2}u_{xx}\qquad t>0,x>0 \] With BC \begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( L,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) =0\\ u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =g\left ( x\right ) =\frac {8x\left ( L-x\right ) ^{2}}{L^{3}} \end {align*}

Using \(c=2,L=10\).

The general problem PDE was solved in 6.1.1.1 on page 1227 and the solution is\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) \cos \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \\ & +\frac {2}{c\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {1}{n}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) \sin \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Substituting the specific values given above into this solution gives\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {1}{\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {1}{n}\left ( \int _{0}^{10}\frac {8x\left ( 10-x\right ) ^{2}}{10^{3}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) dx\right ) \sin \left ( 2\frac {n\pi }{10}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) \] But \(\int _{0}^{10}\frac {8x\left ( 10-x\right ) ^{2}}{10^{3}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) dx=\frac {160\left ( 2+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\), hence the solution becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {1}{\pi ^{4}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {160\left ( 2+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}\right ) }{n^{4}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) \] Animation is below

Source code used for the above

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6.1.1.3 [337] both ends fixed, inital velocity zero (special case)

problem number 337

Added July 8,2019

Solve for \(u(x,t)\) for \(t>0\) and \(0<x<L\) \[ u_{tt} = c^2 u_{xx} \] With boundary condition both ends fixed \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(L,t) &=0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= f(x) \\ u_t(x,0) &= g(x) \\ \end {align*}

Using the following values \begin {align*} L&=10\\ c&=2\\ f(x)&=\frac {8 x (L-x)^2}{L^3}\\ g(x)&= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
L=10; c=2; g=0; f=(8*x*(L-x)^2)/L^3; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == f, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == g}; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]]; 
sol = sol/.K[1]->n;
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {32 \left (2+(-1)^n\right ) \cos \left (\frac {n \pi t}{5}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {n \pi x}{10}\right )}{n^3 \pi ^3}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
L:=10; 
c:=2; 
g:=0; 
f:=(8*x*(L-x)^2)/L^3; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f,eval(diff(u(x,t),t),t=0)=g; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {32 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}+2\right ) \cos \left (\frac {\pi n t}{5}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{10}\right )}{\pi ^{3} n^{3}}\]

Hand solution

Solving the wave PDE on string with both ends fixed \[ u_{tt}=c^{2}u_{xx}\qquad t>0,x>0 \] With BC \begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( L,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) =\frac {8x\left ( L-x\right ) ^{2}}{L^{3}}\\ u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =g\left ( x\right ) =0 \end {align*}

Using \(c=2,L=10\).

The general problem PDE was solved in 6.1.1.1 on page 1227 and the solution is\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) \cos \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \\ & +\frac {2}{c\pi }\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {1}{n}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\right ) \sin \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Substituting the specific values given above into this solution gives\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {1}{5}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{10}\frac {8x\left ( 10-x\right ) ^{2}}{10^{3}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) dx\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) \] But \(\int _{0}^{10}\frac {8x\left ( 10-x\right ) ^{2}}{10^{3}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) dx=\frac {160\left ( 2+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\), hence the solution becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =32\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {\left ( 2+\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{5}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) \] Animation is below

Source code used for the above

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6.1.1.4 [338] both ends fixed but domain is \(-\pi \dots \pi \). zero intial position, non zero initial velocity

problem number 338

Added sept 23 ,2019

Solve for \(u(x,t)\) for \(t>0\) and \(-\pi <x<\pi \) \[ u_{tt} = c^2 u_{xx} \] With boundary condition \begin {align*} u(-\pi ,t) &= 0 \\ u(\pi ,t) &=0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= 0 \\ u_t(x,0) &= \sin (x)^2 \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == 0, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == Sin[x]^2}; 
bc  = {u[-Pi, t] == 0, u[Pi, t] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {32 \left (-1+(-1)^{K[1]}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {c^2} t K[1]\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} (x+\pi ) K[1]\right )}{\sqrt {c^2} \pi K[1]^2 \left (K[1]^2-16\right )}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(-Pi,t)=0,u(Pi,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=0,D[2](u)(x,0)=sin(x)^2; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = -\frac {32 \left (-315 \pi c \left (\sum _{n =5}^\infty \frac {\left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (x +\pi \right ) n}{2}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {c n t}{2}\right )}{\pi \left (n^{2}-16\right ) c \,n^{2}}\right )-42 \cos \left (\frac {x}{2}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {c t}{2}\right )+10 \cos \left (\frac {3 x}{2}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {3 c t}{2}\right )\right )}{315 \pi c}\]

Hand solution

Solve

\[ u_{tt}=c^{2}u_{xx}\] With BC \begin {align*} u\left ( -\pi ,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( \pi ,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( x,0\right ) & =0\\ u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =\sin ^{2}\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Let \(\xi =x+\pi \). When \(x=-\pi ,\xi =0\) and when \(x=\pi ,\xi =2\pi \). In terms of \(\xi \), the new pde in \(U\left ( \xi ,t\right ) \) becomes

\[ U_{tt}=c^{2}U_{\xi \xi }\] With BC \begin {align*} U\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ U\left ( 2\pi ,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions\begin {align*} U\left ( \xi ,0\right ) & =0\\ U_{t}\left ( \xi ,0\right ) & =\sin ^{2}\left ( \xi \right ) \end {align*}

Let \(U=X\left ( \xi \right ) T\left ( t\right ) \). The PDE becomes\begin {align*} \frac {T^{\prime \prime }X}{c^{2}} & =X^{\prime \prime }T\\ \frac {1}{c^{2}}\frac {T^{\prime \prime }}{T} & =\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \end {align*}

Where \(\lambda \) is separation constant. Hence the eigenvalue ODE is \begin {align*} X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\\ X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\\ X\left ( 2\pi \right ) & =0 \end {align*}

From the boundary conditions, we see that \(\lambda >0\) is the only possible value. Therefore the solution to the above ODE is\[ X\left ( x\right ) =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }\xi \right ) +B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }\xi \right ) \] Since \(X\left ( 0\right ) =0\) then \(A=0\) and the solution becomes \(X\left ( \xi \right ) =B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }\xi \right ) \). Since \(X\left ( 2\pi \right ) =0\) then for non trivial solution we want \(\sqrt {\lambda }2\pi =n\pi \) or \[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n}{2}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] Hence the eigenfunctions are \[ X_{n}\left ( \xi \right ) =\sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\xi \right ) \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] The time ODE now becomes\begin {align*} T_{n}^{\prime \prime }+c^{2}\lambda _{n}T_{n} & =0\\ T_{n}^{\prime \prime }+c^{2}\left ( \frac {n}{2}\right ) ^{2}T_{n} & =0\\ T_{n}^{\prime \prime }+\frac {c^{2}n^{2}}{4}T_{n} & =0 \end {align*}

Which has the solution\[ T_{n}\left ( t\right ) =D_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {cn}{2}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {cn}{2}t\right ) \] Therefore the complete solution becomes\begin {equation} U\left ( \xi ,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {cn}{2}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {cn}{2}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\xi \right ) \tag {1} \end {equation}

Switching back to \(x\) the above becomes

\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {cn}{2}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {cn}{2}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) \tag {1A} \end {equation}

At \(t=0\) the above becomes\begin {align*} 0 & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }D_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) \\ D_{n} & =0 \end {align*}

The solution (1A) simplifies to

\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }E_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {cn}{2}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) \tag {2} \end {equation}

Taking time derivative of (2) gives\[ u_{t}\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( E_{n}\frac {cn}{2}\cos \left ( \frac {cn}{2}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) \] At \(t=0\) the above becomes\[ \sin ^{2}\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }E_{n}\frac {cn}{2}\sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) \] Applying orthogonality gives\begin {align*} \int _{-\pi }^{\pi }\sin ^{2}\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) dx & =E_{n}\frac {cn}{2}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) dx\\ & =E_{n}\frac {\pi cn}{2} \end {align*}

For the LHS, for \(n\) even \(\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }\sin ^{2}\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) dx=0\). Hence \(E_{n}=0\) for all \(n\) even. For \(n\) odd \begin {align*} \int _{-\pi }^{\pi }\sin ^{2}\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) dx & =\frac {16\left ( \cos \left ( n\pi \right ) -1\right ) }{\left ( n^{2}-16\right ) n}\\ & =\frac {16\left ( \left ( -1\right ) ^{n}-1\right ) }{\left ( n^{2}-16\right ) n} \end {align*}

But \(n\) is odd, hence the above simplifies more to

\[ \int _{-\pi }^{\pi }\sin ^{2}\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) dx=\frac {-32}{\left ( n^{2}-16\right ) n}\]

Therefore\begin {align} E_{n} & =\frac {2}{n\pi c}\frac {-32}{\left ( n^{2}-16\right ) n}\nonumber \\ & =\frac {-64}{n^{2}\pi c\left ( n^{2}-16\right ) }\nonumber \end {align}

Therefore the final solution (2) now becomes\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\frac {-64}{n^{2}\pi c\left ( n^{2}-16\right ) }\sin \left ( \frac {cn}{2}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) \]

The following is an animation of the solution for \(c=2\). Using \(c=2\) then the solution above becomes

\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\frac {-32}{n^{2}\pi \left ( n^{2}-16\right ) }\sin \left ( nt\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n}{2}\left ( x+\pi \right ) \right ) \]

Source code used for the above

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6.1.1.5 [339] both ends fixed but domain is \(-1 \dots 1\). intial position is an impulse, zero initial velocity

problem number 339

Added January 8 ,2020

Problem 6.3.31 Introduction to Partial Dfferential Equations by Peter Olver, ISBN 9783319020983.

Solve

\begin {align*} u_{tt} & =u_{xx}\\ u\left ( -1,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( 1,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =\delta \left ( x\right ) \\ \frac {\partial u\left ( x,0\right ) }{\partial t} & =0 \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde = D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc = {u[-1, t] == 0, u[1, t] == 0}; 
ic = {u[x, 0] == DiracDelta[x], Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \cos \left (\frac {1}{2} \pi t K[1]\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} \pi K[1]\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} \pi (x+1) K[1]\right )\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc:=u(-1,t)=0,u(1,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=Dirac(x), D[2](u)(x,0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \cos \left (\frac {\pi n t}{2}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n}{2}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi \left (x +1\right ) n}{2}\right )\]

Hand solution

Since the boundary conditions are at \(x=-1\) and at \(x=1\), it is a little easier to solve this by first shifting the boundaries to \(x=0\) and \(x=2\). This is done by transformation. Let\[ z=x+1 \] When \(x=-1\) then \(z=0\) and when \(x=1\) then \(z=2\). The PDE in terms of \(z\) remains the same but the B.C. are shifted. Hence we want to solve for \(v\left ( z,t\right ) \) in\begin {align*} v_{tt} & =v_{zz}\\ v\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ v\left ( 2,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

No need to worry about initial conditions now, since we will transform back to \(x\) before applying initial conditions and therefore will use the original initial conditions. This PDE is now solved by separation. Let \(v=Z\left ( z\right ) T\left ( t\right ) \). Substituting into the PDE gives\begin {align*} T^{\prime \prime }Z & =Z^{\prime \prime }T\\ \frac {T^{\prime \prime }}{T} & =\frac {Z^{\prime \prime }}{Z}=-\lambda \end {align*}

This gives the boundary value ODE \begin {align} Z^{\prime \prime }+\lambda Z & =0\tag {1}\\ Z\left ( 0\right ) & =0\nonumber \\ Z\left ( 2\right ) & =0\nonumber \end {align}

And the time ODE\begin {equation} T^{\prime \prime }+\lambda T=0\tag {2} \end {equation} Solving (1). From the boundary conditions we know only \(\lambda >0\) is an eigenvalue. Hence for \(\lambda >0\) the solution is \[ Z\left ( z\right ) =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }z\right ) +B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }z\right ) \] At \(z=0\) this gives \(A=0\). Hence the solution now becomes \(Z\left ( z\right ) =B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }z\right ) \). At \(z=2\) the above gives \(0=B\sin \left ( 2\sqrt {\lambda }\right ) \). For non-trivial solution we want \(\sin \left ( 2\sqrt {\lambda }\right ) =0\) which implies \(2\sqrt {\lambda }=n\pi \) or\[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] And the corresponding eigenfunctions\[ Z_{n}\left ( z\right ) =\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}z\right ) \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] The time ODE (2) now becomes\[ T^{\prime \prime }+\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) ^{2}T=0 \] Which has solution\[ T_{n}\left ( t\right ) =A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}t\right ) +B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}t\right ) \] Hence the complete solution is\[ v\left ( z,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}t\right ) +B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}z\right ) \] We are now ready to switch back from \(z\) to \(x\). Since \(z=x+1\) then the above becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( A_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}t\right ) +B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \tag {3} \end {equation} Now we apply initial conditions to find \(A_{n},B_{n}\). At \(t=0,u\left ( x,0\right ) =\delta \left ( x\right ) \). Hence the above gives\[ \delta \left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \] Multiplying both sides by \(\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \) and Integrating gives\[ \int _{-1}^{1}\delta \left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\int _{-1}^{1}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx \] By orthogonality of \(\sin \) functions only term survives and the above simplifies to\begin {align*} \int _{-1}^{1}\delta \left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx & =A_{m}\overset {1}{\overbrace {\int _{-1}^{1}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {m\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx}}\\ & =A_{m} \end {align*}

But \(\int _{-1}^{1}\delta \left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) dx=\sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{2}\right ) \) since that is where \(x=0\). The above reduces to\[ A_{n}=\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \qquad n=1,2,3,\cdots \] The solution (1) becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}t\right ) +B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \tag {4} \end {equation} Taking time derivatives\[ \frac {\partial }{\partial t}u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( -\frac {n\pi }{2}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}t\right ) +\frac {n\pi }{2}B_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \] At \(t=0\) the above becomes\[ 0=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {n\pi }{2}B_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \] Therefore \(B_{n}=0\). Hence the solution (4) becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\left ( x+1\right ) \right ) \tag {5} \end {equation} Notice that \(\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) \) is zero when \(n\) is even.

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6.1.1.6 [340] Logan book, page 28. Both ends fixed

problem number 340

This is problem at page 28, David J Logan textbook, applied PDE textbook. No initial conditions given \[ u_{tt} = c^2 u_{xx} \] With boundary condition \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> {L > 0}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) \left (\cos \left (\frac {\pi t | c| K[1]}{L}\right ) \int _0^L \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) u(x,0) \, dx+\frac {L \left (\int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) u^{(0,1)}(x,0)}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi t | c| K[1]}{L}\right )}{\pi | c| K[1]}\right ) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 1\land c^2 K[1]^2>0 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (\textit {\_F1} \left (n \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi c n t}{L}\right )+\textit {\_F2} \left (n \right ) \cos \left (\frac {\pi c n t}{L}\right )\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )\]

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6.1.1.7 [341] non-zero initial velocity. Both ends fixed

problem number 341

Added Feb 25, 2019. Exam 1 problem, MATH 4567 Applied Fourier Analysis, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.

Solve for \(u(x,t)\) \[ u_{tt} = u_{xx} -u \] With boundary condition \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ u(\pi ,t) &=0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= 0 \\ u_t(x,0) &= 1 \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] - u[x, t]; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == 0, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 1}; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[Pi, t] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (1+(-1)^{K[1]+1}\right ) \sin (x K[1]) \sin \left (t \sqrt {K[1]^2+1}\right )}{\sqrt {\pi } K[1] \sqrt {\pi K[1]^2+\pi }} & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 1 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=diff(u(x,t),x$2)-u(x,t); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(Pi,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=0,eval(diff(u(x,t),t),t=0)=1; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (-\frac {2 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) \sin \left (n x \right ) \sin \left (\sqrt {n^{2}+1}\, t \right )}{\pi \sqrt {n^{2}+1}\, n}\right )\]

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6.1.1.8 [342] Logan book page 149)

problem number 342

This is problem at page 149, David J Logan textbook, applied PDE textbook.

\[ \frac {\partial ^2 u}{\partial t^2} = c^2 \frac {\partial ^2 u}{\partial x^2} + p(x,t) \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(\pi ,0) &=0 \\ u(0,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}(x,0) &=0 \\ u(x,0) &= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + p[x, t]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[Pi, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == 0, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }} \left (\int _0^t \frac {\left (\int _0^{\pi } \sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }} p(x,K[2]) \sin (x K[1]) \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\sqrt {c^2 K[1]^2} (t-K[2])\right )}{\sqrt {c^2 K[1]^2}} \, dK[2]\right ) \sin (x K[1]) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)) \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2)+p(x,t); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(Pi,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=0,D[2](u)(x,0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \int _{0}^{t}\left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{\pi }p \left (x , \tau \right ) \sin \left (n x \right )d x \right ) \sin \left (n x \right ) \sin \left (\left (t -\tau \right ) c n \right )}{\pi c n}\right )d \tau \]

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6.1.1.9 [343] Haberman 8.5.2 (a)

problem number 343

Added Nov 25, 2018.

This is problem 8.5.2 (a), Richard Haberman applied partial differential equations book, 5th edition

Both ends fixed end, initial position given, zero initial velocity, with source that depends on time and space.

Consider a vibrating string with time-dependent forcing: \[ \frac {\partial ^2 u}{\partial t^2} = c^2 \frac {\partial ^2 u}{\partial x^2} + Q(x,t) \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &=0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u_t(x,0) &=0 \\ u(x,0) &= f(x) \end {align*}

my hand solution in in the file feb_24_2019_4_24_pm.tex, but I need to go over my solution again to make sure it is correct.

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + Q[x, t]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == f[x], Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} \left (\cos \left (\pi t \sqrt {\frac {c^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}}\right ) \int _0^L \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) \, dx+\int _0^t \frac {\left (\int _0^L \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} Q(x,K[2]) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\pi \sqrt {\frac {c^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}} (t-K[2])\right )}{\pi \sqrt {\frac {c^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}}} \, dK[2]\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land ((L<0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))\lor (L>0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))) \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2)+Q(x,t); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f(x), eval( diff(u(x,t),t),t=0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \int _{0}^{t}\left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}Q \left (x , \tau \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi \left (t -\tau \right ) c n}{L}\right )}{\pi c n}\right )d \tau +\left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) \cos \left (\frac {\pi c n t}{L}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{L}\right )\]

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6.1.1.10 [344] Haberman 8.5.2 (b)

problem number 344

Added Nov 25, 2018.

This is problem 8.5.2 (b), Richard Haberman applied partial differential equations book, 5th edition.

Both ends fixed end, initial position given, zero initial velocity, with source that depends on time and space.

Consider a vibrating string with time-dependent forcing: \[ u_{tt} = c^2 u_{xx} + g(x) \cos (\omega t) \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &=0 \\ u(L,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u_t(x,0) &=0 \\ u(x,0) &= f(x) \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + g[x]*Cos[w*t]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == f[x], Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} \left (\cos \left (\pi t \sqrt {\frac {c^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}}\right ) \int _0^L \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) \, dx+\int _0^t \frac {\left (\int _0^L \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} \cos (w K[2]) g(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\pi \sqrt {\frac {c^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}} (t-K[2])\right )}{\pi \sqrt {\frac {c^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}}} \, dK[2]\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land ((L<0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))\lor (L>0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))) \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2)+ g(x)*cos(w*t); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=0, eval( diff(u(x,t),t),t=0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \frac {-2 \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\pi L c \left (\int _{0}^{L}g \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) \cos \left (t w \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{L^{2} w^{2}-\pi ^{2} c^{2} n^{2}}\right )+2 \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\pi L c \left (\int _{0}^{L}g \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) \cos \left (\frac {\pi c n t}{L}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{L^{2} w^{2}-\pi ^{2} c^{2} n^{2}}\right )}{\pi c}\]

Hand solution

Let \[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Where we used \(=\) instead of \(\sim \) above, since the PDE given has homogeneous B.C. We know that \(\phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \) for \(n=1,2,3,\cdots \) where \(\lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}\). Substituting the above in the given PDE gives\[ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =c^{2}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( t\right ) \frac {d^{2}\phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) }{dx^{2}}+Q\left ( x,t\right ) \] But \(Q\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }q_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \), hence the above becomes\[ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =c^{2}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( t\right ) \frac {d^{2}\phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) }{dx^{2}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }g_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] But \(\frac {d^{2}\phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) }{dx^{2}}=-\lambda _{n}\phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \), hence\[ \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =-c^{2}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\lambda _{n}A_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }g_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Multiplying both sides by  \(\phi _{m}\left ( x\right ) \) and integrating gives\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) \phi _{m}\left ( x\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx & =-c^{2}\int _{0}^{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\lambda _{n}A_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{m}\left ( x\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx+\int _{0}^{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }g_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{m}\left ( x\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ A_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) \int _{0}^{L}\phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx & =-c^{2}\lambda _{n}A_{n}\left ( t\right ) \int _{0}^{L}\phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx+g_{n}\left ( t\right ) \int _{0}^{L}\phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx \end {align*}

Hence\[ A_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) +c^{2}\lambda _{n}A_{n}\left ( t\right ) =g_{n}\left ( t\right ) \] Now we solve the above ODE. Let solution be \[ A_{n}\left ( t\right ) =A_{n}^{h}\left ( t\right ) +A_{n}^{p}\left ( t\right ) \] Which is the sum of the homogenous and particular solutions. The homogenous solution is \[ A_{n}^{h}\left ( t\right ) =c_{1_{n}}\cos \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +c_{2_{n}}\sin \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) \] And the particular solution depends on \(q_{n}\left ( t\right ) \). Once we find \(q_{n}\left ( t\right ) \), we plug-in everything back into \(u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \) and then use initial conditions to find \(c_{1_{n}},c_{2_{n}}\), the two constant of integrations. Now we are given that \(Q\left ( x,t\right ) =g\left ( x\right ) \cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \). Hence\[ g_{n}\left ( t\right ) =\frac {\int _{0}^{L}Q\left ( x,t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx}{\int _{0}^{L}\phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx}=\frac {\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx}{\int _{0}^{L}\phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx}=\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \gamma _{n}\] Where\[ \gamma _{n}=\frac {\int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx}{\int _{0}^{L}\phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx}\] is constant that depends on \(n\). Now we use the above in result found in part (a)\begin {equation} A_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) +c^{2}\lambda _{n}A_{n}\left ( t\right ) =\gamma _{n}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \tag {1} \end {equation} We know the homogenous solution from part (a). \[ A_{n}^{h}\left ( t\right ) =c_{1_{n}}\cos \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +c_{2_{n}}\sin \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) \] We now need to find the particular solution. Will solve using method of undetermined coefficients.

Case 1 \(\omega \neq c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}\) (no resonance)

We can now guess \[ A_{n}^{p}\left ( t\right ) =z_{1}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \] Plugging this back into (1) gives\begin {align*} \left ( z_{1}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) ^{\prime \prime }+c^{2}\lambda _{n}\left ( z_{1}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) & =\gamma _{n}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \\ \left ( -\omega z_{1}\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) +\omega z_{2}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) ^{\prime }+c^{2}\lambda _{n}\left ( z_{1}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) & =\gamma _{n}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \\ -\omega ^{2}z_{1}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) -\omega ^{2}z_{2}\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) +c^{2}\lambda _{n}\left ( z_{1}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) & =\gamma _{n}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \end {align*}

Collecting terms\[ \cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \left ( -\omega ^{2}z_{1}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}z_{1}\right ) +\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \left ( -\omega ^{2}z_{2}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}z_{2}\right ) =\gamma _{n}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \] Therefore we obtain two equations in two unknowns\begin {align*} -\omega ^{2}z_{1}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}z_{1} & =\gamma _{n}\\ -\omega ^{2}z_{2}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}z_{2} & =0 \end {align*}

From the second equation, \(z_{2}=0\) and from the first equation\begin {align*} z_{1}\left ( c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}\right ) & =\gamma _{n}\\ z_{1} & =\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}} \end {align*}

Hence \begin {align*} A_{n}^{p}\left ( t\right ) & =z_{1}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \\ & =\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \end {align*}

Therefore\begin {align*} A_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =A_{n}^{h}\left ( t\right ) +A_{n}^{p}\left ( t\right ) \\ & =c_{1_{n}}\cos \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +c_{2_{n}}\sin \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \end {align*}

Now we need to find \(c_{1_{n}},c_{2_{n}}\). Since\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( c_{1_{n}}\cos \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +c_{2_{n}}\sin \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \end {align*}

At \(t=0\) the above becomes\begin {align*} f\left ( x\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( c_{1_{n}}+\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }c_{1_{n}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Applying orthogonality\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx & =\int _{0}^{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }c_{1_{n}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx+\int _{0}^{L}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\\ \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx & =c_{1_{n}}\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx+\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

Rearranging\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx-\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx & =c_{1_{n}}\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx\\ c_{1_{n}} & =\frac {\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx}{\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx}-\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\\ & =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx-\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}} \end {align*}

We now need to find \(c_{2_{n}}\). For this we need to differentiate the solution once.\[ \frac {\partial u\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial t}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( -c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}c_{1_{n}}\sin \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}c_{2_{n}}\cos \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) -\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\omega \sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Applying initial conditions \(\frac {\partial u\left ( x,0\right ) }{\partial t}=0\) gives\[ 0=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}c_{2_{n}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Hence \[ c_{2_{n}}=0 \] Therefore the final solution is\[ A_{n}\left ( t\right ) =c_{1_{n}}\cos \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \] And\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Where \[ c_{1_{n}}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx-\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\] Case 2 \(\omega =c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}\) Resonance case. Now we can’t guess \(A_{n}^{p}\left ( t\right ) =z_{1}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \) so we have to use \[ A_{n}^{p}\left ( t\right ) =z_{1}t\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \] Substituting this in \(A_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) +c^{2}\lambda _{n}A_{n}\left ( t\right ) =\gamma _{n}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \) gives\begin {equation} \left ( z_{1}t\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) ^{\prime \prime }+c^{2}\lambda _{n}\left ( z_{1}t\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) =\gamma _{n}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \tag {2} \end {equation} But \begin {align*} \left ( z_{1}t\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) ^{\prime \prime } & =\left ( z_{1}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) -z_{1}\omega t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}\omega t\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) ^{\prime }\\ & =-z_{1}\omega \sin \left ( \omega t\right ) -\left ( z_{1}\omega \sin \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{1}\omega ^{2}t\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) \\ & +z_{2}\omega \cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +\left ( z_{2}\omega \cos \left ( \omega t\right ) -z_{2}\omega ^{2}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) \\ & =-2z_{1}\omega \sin \left ( \omega t\right ) -z_{1}\omega ^{2}t\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +2z_{2}\omega \cos \left ( \omega t\right ) -z_{2}\omega ^{2}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \end {align*}

Hence (2) becomes\[ -2z_{1}\omega \sin \left ( \omega t\right ) -z_{1}\omega ^{2}t\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +2z_{2}\omega \cos \left ( \omega t\right ) -z_{2}\omega ^{2}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) +c^{2}\lambda _{n}\left ( z_{1}t\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) +z_{2}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) =\gamma _{n}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \] Comparing coefficients we see that \(2z_{2}\omega =\gamma _{n}\) or \[ z_{2}=\frac {\gamma _{n}}{2\omega }\] And \(z_{1}=0\). Therefore \[ A_{n}^{p}\left ( t\right ) =\frac {\gamma _{n}}{2\omega }t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \] Therefore\begin {align*} A_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =A_{n}^{h}\left ( t\right ) +A_{n}^{p}\left ( t\right ) \\ & =c_{1_{n}}\cos \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +c_{2_{n}}\sin \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +\frac {\gamma _{n}}{2c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \end {align*}

We now can find \(c_{1_{n}},c_{2_{n}}\) from initial conditions.\begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \nonumber \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( c_{1_{n}}\cos \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +c_{2_{n}}\sin \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +\frac {\gamma _{n}}{2c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \tag {4} \end {align}

At \(t=0\)\begin {align*} f\left ( x\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }c_{1_{n}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \\ c_{1n} & =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

Taking time derivative of (4) and setting it to zero will give \(c_{2n}\). Since initial speed is zero then \(c_{2_{n}}=0\). Hence\[ A_{n}\left ( t\right ) =c_{1_{n}}\cos \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +\frac {\gamma _{n}}{2c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \] This completes the solution.

Summary of solution

The solution is given by\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( t\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Case \(\omega \neq c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}\)\[ A_{n}\left ( t\right ) =c_{1_{n}}\cos \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\cos \left ( \omega t\right ) \] And\[ c_{1_{n}}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {m\pi }{L}x\right ) dx-\frac {\gamma _{n}}{c^{2}\lambda _{n}-\omega ^{2}}\] And\[ \gamma _{n}=\frac {\int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx}{\int _{0}^{L}\phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx}\] And \(\lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2},n=1,2,3,\)

Case \(\omega =c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}\) (resonance)\[ A_{n}\left ( t\right ) =c_{1_{n}}\cos \left ( c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +\frac {\gamma _{n}}{2c\sqrt {\lambda _{n}}}t\sin \left ( \omega t\right ) \] And\[ c_{1_{n}}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \]

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6.1.1.11 [345] Both I.C. not zero

problem number 345

Added July 2, 2018.

Taken from Maple 2018.1 improvements to PDE’s document. Solve \[ v_{tt} = v_{xx} \] For \(t>0\) and \(0<x<1\). With boundary conditions \begin {align*} v(0,t)&=0\\ v(1,0)&=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} v( x,0) & =f(x) \\ \frac {\partial v}{\partial t}(x,0) &=g(x) \\ \end {align*}

Where \(f(x)=-{\frac {{{\rm e}^{2}}x-{{\rm e}^{x+1}}-x+{{\rm e}^{1-x}}}{{{\rm e}^{2}}-1}}\) and \(g(x)=1+{\frac {{{\rm e}^{2}}x-{{\rm e}^{x+1}}-x+{{\rm e}^{1-x}}}{{{\rm e}^{2}}-1}}\)

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[v[x, t], {t, 2}] == D[v[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {v[0, t] == 0, v[1, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {v[x, 0] == -((Exp[2]*x - Exp[x + 1] - x + Exp[1 - x])/(Exp[2] - 1)), Derivative[0, 1][v][x, 0] == 1 + (Exp[2]*x - Exp[x + 1] - x + Exp[1 - x])/(Exp[2] - 1)}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, v[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. K[1] -> n;
 

\[\left \{\left \{v(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty -\frac {2 \left ((-1)^{n+1} n \pi \cos (n \pi t)+\left (\left (-1+(-1)^n\right ) \pi ^2 n^2+2 (-1)^n-1\right ) \sin (n \pi t)\right ) \sin (n \pi x)}{\pi ^4 n^4+\pi ^2 n^2}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
pde := diff(v(x, t), t, t)=(diff(v(x, t), x, x)); 
bc  := v(0, t) = 0, v(1, t) = 0; 
ic  := v(x, 0) = -(exp(2)*x-exp(x+1)-x+exp(1-x))/(exp(2)-1), 
               (D[2](v))(x, 0) = 1+(exp(2)*x-exp(x+1)-x+exp(1-x))/(exp(2)-1); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],v(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[v \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (-\frac {2 \left (-\pi n \left (-1\right )^{n} \cos \left (\pi n t \right )+\left (\pi ^{2} n^{2} \left (-1\right )^{n}-\pi ^{2} n^{2}+2 \left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) \sin \left (\pi n t \right )\right ) \sin \left (\pi n x \right )}{\pi ^{2} \left (\pi ^{2} n^{2}+1\right ) n^{2}}\right )\]

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6.1.1.12 [346] With constant source

problem number 346

Added July 2, 2018.

Third example, from Maple 2018.1 improvements to PDE’s document. What_is_New_after_Maple_2018.pdf

Solve \[ \frac {\partial ^2 u}{\partial t^2} = c^2 \frac {\partial ^2 u}{\partial x^2} + 1 \] For \(t>0\) and \(0<x<L\). With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t)&=0\\ u(L,0)&=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u ( x,0) & =f(x) \\ \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}(x,0) &=g(x) \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + 1; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == f[x], Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == g[x]}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> L > 0], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \fbox {$\sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \left (1+(-1)^{K[1]+1}\right ) \left (L-L \cos \left (\frac {c \pi t K[1]}{L}\right )\right ) L^{3/2}}{c^2 \pi ^3 K[1]^3}+\frac {\left (\int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} g(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\pi t \sqrt {\frac {c^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}}\right ) L}{\pi | c| | K[1]| }+\cos \left (\pi t \sqrt {\frac {c^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}}\right ) \int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right )\text { if }\left (t\left |\frac {1}{\sqrt {c^2 K[1]^2}}\right .\right )\in \mathbb {R}$} & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land ((L<0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))\lor (L>0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))) \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
f='f'; 
pde :=diff(u(x, t), t, t) = c^2* diff(u(x, t), x, x) + 1; 
bc  := u(0, t) = 0, u(L, t) = 0; 
ic  := u(x, 0) = f(x), (D[2](u))(x, 0) = g(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {\left (2 L c \left (\int _{0}^{L}g \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi c n t}{L}\right )-\pi n \left (\int _{0}^{L}\left (-2 c^{2} f \left (x \right )+L x -x^{2}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) \cos \left (\frac {\pi c n t}{L}\right )\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{\pi L \,c^{2} n}\right )+\frac {L x}{2 c^{2}}-\frac {x^{2}}{2 c^{2}}\]

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6.1.1.13 [347] Logan page 213

problem number 347

This is problem at page 213, David J Logan textbook, applied PDE textbook. Both ends fixed end, with source.

\[ u_{tt} = c^2 u_{xx}+ A x \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(L,0) &=0 \\ u(0,t) &= 0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}(x,0) &=0 \\ u(x,0) &= 0 \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + A*x; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == 0, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} -\frac {i A L^3 \left (\operatorname {PolyLog}\left (3,-e^{-\frac {i \pi (c t-x)}{L}}\right )-\operatorname {PolyLog}\left (3,-e^{\frac {i \pi (c t-x)}{L}}\right )+2 \operatorname {PolyLog}\left (3,-e^{-\frac {i \pi x}{L}}\right )-2 \operatorname {PolyLog}\left (3,-e^{\frac {i \pi x}{L}}\right )-\operatorname {PolyLog}\left (3,-e^{-\frac {i \pi (c t+x)}{L}}\right )+\operatorname {PolyLog}\left (3,-e^{\frac {i \pi (c t+x)}{L}}\right )\right )}{2 c^2 \pi ^3} & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land c\neq 0\land L\neq 0\land K[1]\geq 1 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2)+A* x; 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=0,D[2](u)(x,0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t))  assuming L>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \frac {A \,L^{2} x}{6 c^{2}}-\frac {A \,x^{3}}{6 c^{2}}+\left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 A \,L^{3} \left (-1\right )^{n} \cos \left (\frac {\pi c n t}{L}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{\pi ^{3} c^{2} n^{3}}\right )\]

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6.1.1.14 [348] Telegraphy PDE

problem number 348

Both ends fixed with damping Solve \[ u_{tt} + 2 u_t = c^2 u_{xx} \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u(\pi ,0) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}(x,0) &=0 \\ u(x,0) &= f(x) \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde = D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] + 2*D[u[x, t], t] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[Pi, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0, u[x, 0] == f[x]}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], x, t], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty e^{-t} \sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }} \sin (x K[1]) \left (\cos \left (\frac {1}{2} t \sqrt {4 K[1]^2-4}\right ) \int _0^{\pi } \sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }} f(x) \sin (x K[1]) \, dx+\frac {\sin \left (\frac {1}{2} t \sqrt {4 K[1]^2-4}\right ) \int _0^{\pi } \sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }} f(x) \sin (x K[1]) \, dx}{\sqrt {K[1]^2-1}}\right ) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 2 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)+2*diff(u(x,t),t)=diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
ic  :=D[2](u)(x,0)=0,u(0,t)=0,u(x,0)=f(x); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(Pi,t)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol', pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) assuming t>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \left \{\begin {array}{cc} \frac {2 \left (t +1\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-t} \left (\int _{0}^{\pi }f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (x \right )d x \right ) \sin \left (x \right )}{\pi } & n =1 \\ -\frac {\left (\left (i-\sqrt {n^{2}-1}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{\left (i \sqrt {n^{2}-1}-1\right ) t}+\left (-i-\sqrt {n^{2}-1}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\left (i \sqrt {n^{2}-1}+1\right ) t}\right ) \left (\int _{0}^{\pi }f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (n x \right )d x \right ) \sin \left (n x \right )}{\sqrt {n^{2}-1}\, \pi } & \mathit {otherwise} \end {array}\right .\]

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6.1.1.15 [349] Dispersion term present (general case)

problem number 349

Added July 12, 2019.

Solve \[ u_{tt}+ \gamma ^2 u(x,t) = c^2 u_{xx} \] Dispersion term \(\gamma ^2 u(x,t)\) causes the shape of the original wave to distort with time. With \(0<x<L\) and \(t>0\) and with boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u(L,0) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}(x,0) &=0 \\ u(x,0) &= f(x) \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] + gamma^2*u[x, t] == c^2 D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0, u[x, 0] == f[x]}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t},Assumptions->L>0], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\frac {1}{L}} \cos \left (t \sqrt {c^2 \left (\frac {\gamma ^2}{c^2}+\frac {\pi ^2 K[1]^2}{L^2}\right )}\right ) \left (\int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x K[1]}{L}\right ) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land \gamma \in \mathbb {R}\land ((L<0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))\lor (L>0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))) \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\] Due to adding dispersion term

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde :=diff(u(x,t),t$2)+gamma^2*u(x,t)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f(x),D[2](u)(x,0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )d x \right ) \cos \left (\frac {\sqrt {\pi ^{2} c^{2} n^{2}+\gamma ^{2} L^{2}}\, t}{L}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{L}\right )}{L}\]

Hand solution

Solving for \(t>0,0<x<L\)\[ \frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial t^{2}}+\gamma ^{2}u=c^{2}\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}\qquad 0<x<L,t>0 \] With BC \begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( L,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \\ u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Dispersion term \(\gamma ^{2}u\,\) causes the shape of the original wave to distort with time. Using separation of variables, Let \(u=X\left ( x\right ) T\left ( t\right ) .\) Substituting this back in the PDE gives\begin {align*} T^{\prime \prime }X+\gamma ^{2}XT & =c^{2}X^{\prime \prime }T\\ \frac {1}{c^{2}}\left ( \frac {T^{\prime \prime }}{T}+\gamma ^{2}\right ) & =\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \end {align*}

The eigenvalue ODE is\begin {align*} X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\\ X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\\ X\left ( L\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

The eigenvalues are \(\lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2},n=1,2,3,\cdots \) and the eigenfunctions are \(X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =c_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \). The time ODE becomes\[ T^{\prime \prime }+\left ( \gamma ^{2}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}\right ) T=0 \] The solution is\[ T_{n}\left ( t\right ) =A_{n}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +B_{n}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}}t\right ) \] Taking time derivatives gives\[ T_{n}^{\prime }\left ( t\right ) =-\sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}}A_{n}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}}t\right ) +B_{n}\sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}}t\right ) \] At time \(t=0\), the above is zero (initial velocity is zero), which gives\[ 0=B_{n}\sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}}\] Hence \(B_{n}=0\) and the time ODE solution becomes\[ T_{n}\left ( t\right ) =A_{n}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}\lambda _{n}}t\right ) \] Hence the fundamental solution is\begin {align*} u_{n}\left ( x,t\right ) & =T_{n}X_{n}\\ & =c_{n}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}\right ) ^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Therefore the solution is\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }c_{n}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{L}\sqrt {\left ( L^{2}\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}n^{2}\pi ^{2}\right ) }t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] \(c_{n}\) is found from initial position. At \(t=0\) the above becomes\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }c_{n}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Applying orthogonality gives\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx & =c_{n}\frac {L}{2}\\ c_{n} & =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

Hence solution is\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}s\right ) ds\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {1}{L}\sqrt {\left ( L^{2}\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}n^{2}\pi ^{2}\right ) }t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \]

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6.1.1.16 [350] Dispersion term present

problem number 350

Solve \[ u_{tt}+ \gamma ^2 u(x,t) = c^2 u_{xx} \] Dispersion term \(\gamma ^2 u(x,t)\) causes the shape of the original wave to distort with time. With \(0<x<\pi \) and \(t>0\) and with boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u(\pi ,0) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}(x,0) &=0 \\ u(x,0) &= \sin ^2(x) \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] + gamma^2*u[x, t] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[Pi, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0, u[x, 0] == Sin[x]^2}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }} \cos \left (t \sqrt {c^2 \left (\frac {\gamma ^2}{c^2}+K[1]^2\right )}\right ) \left (\begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} 0 & K[1]=2 \\ \frac {2 \left (-1+(-1)^{K[1]}\right ) \sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }}}{K[1]^3-4 K[1]} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right ) \sin (x K[1]) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land \gamma \in \mathbb {R}\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)) \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\] Due to adding dispersion term

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde :=diff(u(x,t),t$2)+gamma^2*u(x,t)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(Pi,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=sin(x)^2,(D[2](u))(x,0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \frac {8 \cos \left (\sqrt {c^{2}+\gamma ^{2}}\, t \right ) \sin \left (x \right )}{3 \pi }+\left (\sum _{n =3}^\infty \frac {4 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) \cos \left (\sqrt {c^{2} n^{2}+\gamma ^{2}}\, t \right ) \sin \left (n x \right )}{\left (n^{2}-4\right ) \pi n}\right )\]

Hand solution

Solving for \(t>0,0<x<L\)\begin {equation} \frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial t^{2}}+\gamma ^{2}u=\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}\qquad 0<x<L,t>0\tag {1} \end {equation} With BC \begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( L,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \\ u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Where now \(L=\pi ,f\left ( x\right ) =\sin ^{2}\left ( x\right ) \).

The general solution for (1) was found in problem 6.1.1.15 on page 1288 as\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}s\right ) ds\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {t}{L}\sqrt {L^{2}\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \] Using the above specific values for this problem, the solution becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{\pi }\int _{0}^{\pi }f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{\pi }s\right ) ds\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {t}{\pi }\sqrt {\pi ^{2}\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{\pi }x\right ) \\ & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{\pi }\int _{0}^{\pi }f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds\right ) \cos \left ( \sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}n^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( nx\right ) \end {align*}

But \begin {align*} \int _{0}^{\pi }\sin ^{2}\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds & =\int _{0}^{\pi }\left ( \frac {1}{2}-\frac {1}{2}\cos \left ( 2s\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds\\ & =\int _{0}^{\pi }\frac {1}{2}\sin \left ( ns\right ) ds-\frac {1}{2}\int _{0}^{\pi }\cos \left ( 2s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds\\ & =\frac {1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{2n}-\frac {1}{2}\int _{0}^{\pi }\cos \left ( 2s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds \end {align*}

\(\int _{0}^{\pi }\cos \left ( 2s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds=-\frac {2}{3}\)for \(n=1\) and \(\int _{0}^{\pi }\cos \left ( 2s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds=0\) For \(n=2\) and \(\int _{0}^{\pi }\cos \left ( 2s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds=\frac {\left ( 1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}\right ) n}{n^{2}-4}\ \)for \(n>2\). Hence \[ \int _{0}^{\pi }\sin ^{2}\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( ns\right ) ds=\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}\frac {1-\left ( -1\right ) }{2}+\frac {1}{3}=\frac {4}{3} & & n=1\\ \frac {1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{2n}=0 & & n=2\\ \frac {1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{2n}-\frac {1}{2}\frac {\left ( 1-\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}\right ) n}{n^{2}-4}=\frac {2}{n}\frac {\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}-1}{n^{2}-4} & & n>2 \end {array} \right . \]

The solution becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\left ( \frac {2}{\pi }\right ) \frac {4}{3}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=3}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{\pi }\frac {2}{n}\frac {\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}-1}{n^{2}-4}\right ) \cos \left ( \sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}n^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( nx\right ) \\ & =\frac {8}{3\pi }\cos \left ( \sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( x\right ) +\frac {4}{\pi }\sum _{n=3}^{\infty }\frac {\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}-1}{n\left ( n^{2}-4\right ) }\cos \left ( \sqrt {\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}n^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( nx\right ) \end {align*}

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6.1.1.17 [351] Dispersion term present (specific case)

problem number 351

Added July 12, 2019 Solve \[ u_{tt}+ \gamma ^2 u(x,t) = c^2 u_{xx} \] Dispersion term \(\gamma ^2 u(x,t)\) causes the shape of the original wave to distort with time. With \(0<x<L\) and \(t>0\) and with boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u(\pi ,0) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}(x,0) &=0 \\ u(x,0) &= f(x) \end {align*}

Using the following values \begin {align*} L &= 10 \\ \gamma &= \frac {1}{8}\\ f(x) &=\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}x-4 & & 4\leq x\leq 5\\ 6-x & & 5\leq x\leq 6\\ 0 & & \text {otherwise}\end {array} \right .\\ c &= 1 \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
gamma=1/8; c=1; L=10; 
f=Piecewise[{{x-4,4<=x<=5},{6-x,5<x<=6},{0,True}}]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] + gamma^2*u[x, t] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0, u[x, 0] == f}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty -\frac {20 \cos \left (t \sqrt {\frac {1}{100} \pi ^2 K[1]^2+\frac {1}{64}}\right ) \left (\sin \left (\frac {2}{5} \pi K[1]\right )-2 \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} \pi K[1]\right )+\sin \left (\frac {3}{5} \pi K[1]\right )\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{10} \pi x K[1]\right )}{\pi ^2 K[1]^2} & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 1 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\] Due to adding dispersion term

Maple

restart; 
local gamma; 
gamma:=1/8; 
c:=1; 
L:=10; 
f:=piecewise(4<=x and x<=5, x-4,5<x and x<=6,6-x,true,0); 
pde :=diff(u(x,t),t$2)+gamma^2*u(x,t)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(L,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=f,(D[2](u))(x,0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,ic,bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (-\frac {40 \left (\cos \left (\frac {\pi n}{2}\right )-2 \cos \left (\frac {\pi n}{5}\right )+2 \cos \left (\frac {\pi n}{10}\right )-2 \cos \left (\frac {2 \pi n}{5}\right )+2 \cos \left (\frac {3 \pi n}{10}\right )-1\right ) \cos \left (\frac {\sqrt {16 \pi ^{2} n^{2}+25}\, t}{40}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n}{10}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi n x}{10}\right )}{\pi ^{2} n^{2}}\right )\]

Hand solution

Solve for \(0<x<L,t>0\)\[ \frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial t^{2}}+\gamma ^{2}u=c^{2}\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}\] Boundary conditions, \(t>0\) (both ends fixed)\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( L,t\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Initial conditions, \(t=0\)\begin {align*} \frac {\partial u\left ( x,0\right ) }{\partial t} & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Using \(L=10,\gamma =1/8,c=1\) and initial position \[ f\left ( x\right ) =\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}x-4 & & 4\leq x\leq 5\\ 6-x & & 5\leq x\leq 6\\ 0 & & \text {otherwise}\end {array} \right . \]

The general solution to the above PDE was given in problem 6.1.1.15 on page 1288 as

\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}s\right ) ds\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {1}{L}\sqrt {\left ( L^{2}\gamma ^{2}+c^{2}n^{2}\pi ^{2}\right ) }t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{L}x\right ) \]

Replacing given values in the above solution results in

\begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{10}\int _{0}^{10}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}s\right ) ds\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {1}{10}\sqrt {\left ( 100\left ( \frac {1}{8}\right ) ^{2}+n^{2}\pi ^{2}\right ) }t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) \nonumber \\ & =\frac {2}{10}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{10}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}s\right ) ds\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {1}{10}\sqrt {\frac {1}{16}\left ( \frac {100}{4}+16n^{2}\pi ^{2}\right ) }t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) \tag {1}\\ & =\frac {2}{10}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{10}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}s\right ) ds\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {1}{40}\sqrt {25+16n^{2}\pi ^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) \end {align}

But

\[ \int _{0}^{10}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) ds=\frac {100\left ( 2\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -\sin \left ( \frac {2n\pi }{5}\right ) -\sin \left ( \frac {3n\pi }{5}\right ) \right ) }{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\]

Hence the solution (1) becomes

\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {2}{10}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {100\left ( 2\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -\sin \left ( \frac {2n\pi }{5}\right ) -\sin \left ( \frac {3n\pi }{5}\right ) \right ) }{n^{2}\pi ^{2}}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{40}\sqrt {25+16n^{2}\pi ^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) \\ & =\frac {20}{\pi ^{2}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {1}{n^{2}}\left ( 2\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) -\sin \left ( \frac {2n\pi }{5}\right ) -\sin \left ( \frac {3n\pi }{5}\right ) \right ) \cos \left ( \frac {1}{40}\sqrt {25+16n^{2}\pi ^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{10}x\right ) \end {align*}

Animation is below. The left one uses \(\gamma =\frac {1}{8}\) and the right one uses larger value of \(\gamma =\frac {5}{8}\) in order to show the effect of larger dispersion.

Source code used for the above

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6.1.1.18 [352] non-zero initial position

problem number 352

Added March 9, 2018. Solve \[ u_{tt} = 4 u_{xx} \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u(\pi ,0) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}(x,0) &=0 \\ u(x,0) &= \sin ^2(x) \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == 4*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0, u[x, 0] == Sin[x]^2}; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[Pi, t] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]]; 
sol =  sol /. K[1] -> n;
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {4 (\cos (n \pi )-1) \cos (2 n t) \sin (n x)}{\left (n^3-4 n\right ) \pi }\right \}\right \}\] But sum should not include \(n=2\)

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)= 4*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(Pi,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=sin(x)^2,D[2](u)(x,0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \frac {8 \cos \left (2 t \right ) \sin \left (x \right )}{3 \pi }+\left (\sum _{n =3}^\infty \frac {4 \left (\left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) \cos \left (2 n t \right ) \sin \left (n x \right )}{\pi \left (n^{2}-4\right ) n}\right )\] Handled \(n=2\) case correctly

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6.1.1.19 [353] With source

problem number 353

Added December 20, 2018.

Example 18, Taken from https://www.mapleprimes.com/posts/209970-Exact-Solutions-For-PDE-And-Boundary--Initial-Conditions-2018

Solve for \(u(x,t)\) with \(0<x<1\) and \(t>0\) \[ \frac {\partial ^2 u}{\partial t^2} = \frac {\partial ^2 u}{\partial x^2} + x e^{-t} \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u(1,0) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= 0\\ \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}(x,0) &=1 \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + x*Exp[-t]; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == 0, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0}; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[1, t] == 0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \frac {e^{-i ((-i+\pi ) t+\pi x)} \left (i e^{2 i \pi t+t} \pi ^2 (i+\pi ) \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {-i+\pi }{\pi };2-\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{i \pi (t-x)}\right )+e^{i \pi t} (1-i \pi ) \pi ^2 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {-i+\pi }{\pi };2-\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{-i \pi x}\right )+i e^{i \pi (t+2 x)} \pi ^3 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {-i+\pi }{\pi };2-\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{i \pi x}\right )-e^{i \pi (t+2 x)} \pi ^2 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {-i+\pi }{\pi };2-\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{i \pi x}\right )-i e^{2 i \pi t+t+2 i \pi x} \pi ^3 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {-i+\pi }{\pi };2-\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{i \pi (t+x)}\right )+e^{2 i \pi t+t+2 i \pi x} \pi ^2 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {-i+\pi }{\pi };2-\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{i \pi (t+x)}\right )-i e^{t+2 i \pi x} \pi ^3 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {i+\pi }{\pi };2+\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{-i \pi (t-x)}\right )-e^{t+2 i \pi x} \pi ^2 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {i+\pi }{\pi };2+\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{-i \pi (t-x)}\right )-i e^{i \pi t} \pi ^3 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {i+\pi }{\pi };2+\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{-i \pi x}\right )-e^{i \pi t} \pi ^2 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {i+\pi }{\pi };2+\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{-i \pi x}\right )+i e^{i \pi (t+2 x)} \pi ^3 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {i+\pi }{\pi };2+\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{i \pi x}\right )+e^{i \pi (t+2 x)} \pi ^2 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {i+\pi }{\pi };2+\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{i \pi x}\right )+i e^t \pi ^3 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {i+\pi }{\pi };2+\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{-i \pi (t+x)}\right )+e^t \pi ^2 \, _2F_1\left (1,\frac {i+\pi }{\pi };2+\frac {i}{\pi };-e^{-i \pi (t+x)}\right )+i e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi ^3 \log \left (1+e^{-i \pi (t-x)}\right )+i e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi \log \left (1+e^{-i \pi (t-x)}\right )-i e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi ^3 \log \left (1+e^{i \pi (t-x)}\right )-i e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi \log \left (1+e^{i \pi (t-x)}\right )+2 i e^{i \pi (t+x)} \pi ^3 \log \left (1+e^{-i \pi x}\right )+2 i e^{i \pi (t+x)} \pi \log \left (1+e^{-i \pi x}\right )-2 i e^{i \pi (t+x)} \pi ^3 \log \left (1+e^{i \pi x}\right )-2 i e^{i \pi (t+x)} \pi \log \left (1+e^{i \pi x}\right )-i e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi ^3 \log \left (1+e^{-i \pi (t+x)}\right )-i e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi \log \left (1+e^{-i \pi (t+x)}\right )+i e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi ^3 \log \left (1+e^{i \pi (t+x)}\right )+i e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi \log \left (1+e^{i \pi (t+x)}\right )-e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \operatorname {PolyLog}\left (2,-e^{-i \pi (t-x)}\right )-e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi ^2 \operatorname {PolyLog}\left (2,-e^{-i \pi (t-x)}\right )-e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \operatorname {PolyLog}\left (2,-e^{i \pi (t-x)}\right )-e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi ^2 \operatorname {PolyLog}\left (2,-e^{i \pi (t-x)}\right )+e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \operatorname {PolyLog}\left (2,-e^{-i \pi (t+x)}\right )+e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi ^2 \operatorname {PolyLog}\left (2,-e^{-i \pi (t+x)}\right )+e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \operatorname {PolyLog}\left (2,-e^{i \pi (t+x)}\right )+e^{i \pi t+t+i \pi x} \pi ^2 \operatorname {PolyLog}\left (2,-e^{i \pi (t+x)}\right )\right )}{2 \pi ^2 \left (1+\pi ^2\right )} & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 1 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t$2) = diff(u(x, t), x$2)+x*exp(-t); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(1,t)=0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=0,eval(diff(u(x,t),t),t=0)=1; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=1}^\infty \left (-\frac {2 \left (\pi \left (-\cos \left (\pi n t \right )+{\mathrm e}^{-t}\right ) n \left (-1\right )^{n}+\left (\pi ^{2} n^{2} \left (-1\right )^{n}-\pi ^{2} n^{2}+2 \left (-1\right )^{n}-1\right ) \sin \left (\pi n t \right )\right ) \sin \left (\pi n x \right )}{\pi ^{2} \left (\pi ^{2} n^{2}+1\right ) n^{2}}\right )\]

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6.1.1.20 [354] Right end free (general case)

problem number 354

Added July 8, 2019 \[ u_{tt} = c^2 u_{xx} \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u_x(L,t) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= f(x)\\ u_t(x,0) &= g(x) \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == g[x], u[x, 0] == f[x]}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> L>0], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {\sqrt {2} \sin \left (\frac {\pi x (2 K[1]-1)}{2 L}\right ) \left (\cos \left (\frac {1}{2} \pi t \sqrt {\frac {c^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2}{L^2}}\right ) \int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x (2 K[1]-1)}{2 L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx+\frac {2 L \left (\int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} g(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x (2 K[1]-1)}{2 L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} \pi t \sqrt {\frac {c^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2}{L^2}}\right )}{\pi | c| | 1-2 K[1]| }\right )}{\sqrt {L}} & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land ((L<0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))\lor (L>0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))) \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := D[2](u)(x,0)=g(x),u(x,0)=f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {4 \left (L \left (\int _{0}^{L}g \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right )d x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi c t}{2 L}\right )+\pi \left (n +\frac {1}{2}\right ) c \left (\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right )d x \right ) \cos \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi c t}{2 L}\right )\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right )}{\pi \left (2 n +1\right ) L c}\]

Hand solution

 Solving for \(0<x<L\)\[ \frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial t^{2}}=c^{2}\frac {\partial ^{2}u}{\partial x^{2}}\qquad 0<x<L,t>0 \] Boundary conditions, \(t>0\)\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ \left . \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}\right \vert _{x=L} & =0 \end {align*}

Initial conditions, \(t=0\)\begin {align*} u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =g\left ( x\right ) \\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Separation of variables gives the eigenvalue ODE\begin {align*} X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\\ X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\\ X^{\prime }\left ( L\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Only \(\lambda >0\) gives non-trivial solution from the nature of the boundary conditions. Hence solution is\[ X\left ( x\right ) =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Since \(X\left ( 0\right ) =0\) then the above gives \(0=A\) and the solution becomes\[ X\left ( x\right ) =B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Taking derivatives\[ X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) =\sqrt {\lambda }B\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Since \(X^{\prime }\left ( L\right ) =0\) the above becomes\[ 0=\sqrt {\lambda }B\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) \] Which implies \(\sqrt {\lambda }L=\frac {n\pi }{2}\) for \(n=1,3,5,\cdots \) or \[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \] Hence the eigenfunctions are\[ \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \]

The time ODE now becomes\[ T^{\prime \prime }+c^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}T=0 \] Which has the solution\[ T\left ( t\right ) =D_{n}\cos \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{2L}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{2L}t\right ) \] Therefore the complete solution becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{2L}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{2L}t\right ) \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \tag {1} \end {equation} At \(t=0\) the above becomes\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }D_{n}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Applying orthogonality gives\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx & =D_{n}\int _{0}^{L}\Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {L}{2}D_{n} \end {align*}

Hence\begin {equation} D_{n}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\tag {2} \end {equation} Taking time derivative of (1) gives\[ u_{t}\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( -c\frac {n\pi }{2L}D_{n}\sin \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{2L}t\right ) +E_{n}c\frac {n\pi }{L}\cos \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{2L}t\right ) \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] At \(t=0\) the above becomes\[ g\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }E_{n}c\frac {n\pi }{2L}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Applying orthogonality gives\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx & =E_{n}c\frac {n\pi }{L}\int _{0}^{L}\Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {L}{2}E_{n}c\frac {n\pi }{2L}\\ & =\frac {1}{4}E_{n}cn\pi \end {align*}

Hence\begin {equation} E_{n}=\frac {4}{cn\pi }\int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\tag {3} \end {equation} Using (2,3) in (1) gives the final solution as\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ) \cos \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{2L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\frac {4}{c\pi }\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\frac {1}{n}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ) \sin \left ( c\frac {n\pi }{2L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Or

\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ) \cos \left ( c\frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\frac {4}{c\pi }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac {1}{\left ( 2n+1\right ) }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ) \sin \left ( c\frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

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6.1.1.21 [355] Right end free, zero initial velocity (general case)

problem number 355

Added July 8, 2019 \[ u_{tt} = c^2 u_{xx} \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u_x(L,t) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= f(x)\\ u_t(x,0) &=0 \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0, u[x, 0] == f[x]}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions -> L>0], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {\sqrt {2} \cos \left (\frac {1}{2} \pi t \sqrt {\frac {c^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2}{L^2}}\right ) \left (\int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x (2 K[1]-1)}{2 L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x (2 K[1]-1)}{2 L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land ((L<0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))\lor (L>0\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)))) \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := D[2](u)(x,0)=0,u(x,0)=f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {2 \left (\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right )d x \right ) \cos \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi c t}{2 L}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right )}{L}\]

Hand solution

 Solving for \(0<x<L\)\[ u_{tt}=c^{2}u_{xx}\qquad 0<x<L,t>0 \] Boundary conditions, \(t>0\)\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ \left . \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}\right \vert _{x=L} & =0 \end {align*}

Initial conditions, \(t=0\)\begin {align*} u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =g\left ( x\right ) =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

The general PDE was solved in 6.1.1.20 on page 1312 and the solution is

\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ) \cos \left ( c\frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\frac {4}{c\pi }\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac {1}{\left ( 2n+1\right ) }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}g\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ) \sin \left ( c\frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

But here \(g\left ( x\right ) =0\), hence the above reduces to

\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ) \cos \left ( c\frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \]

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6.1.1.22 [356] Right end free, zero initial velocity (special case)

problem number 356

Added July 8, 2019 \[ u_{tt} = c^2 u_{xx} \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u_x(L,t) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= f(x)\\ u_t(x,0) &=0 \\ \end {align*}

Using the following values \begin {align*} c &= 4\\ L &=3 \\ h &= \frac {1}{10}\\ f(x) &= \left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}\frac {3h}{L}x & & 0<x<\frac {L}{3}\\ h & & \frac {L}{3}<x<L \end {array} \right . \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
L=3; c=4; h=1/10; 
f=Piecewise[{{3*h/L*x,0<x<L/3},{h,L/3<x<L}}]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0, u[x, 0] == f}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty -\frac {12 \cos \left (\frac {1}{3} \pi (K[1]+1)\right ) \cos \left (\frac {2}{3} \pi t \sqrt {(2 K[1]-1)^2}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{6} \pi x (2 K[1]-1)\right )}{5 \pi ^2 (1-2 K[1])^2} & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 1 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
L:=3; 
c:=4; 
h:=1/10; 
f:=piecewise(0<x and x<L/3,3*h/L*x,L/3<x and x<L,h); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2)=c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := D[2](u)(x,0)=0,u(x,0)=f; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {12 \cos \left (\frac {\left (4 n +2\right ) \pi t}{3}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{6}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{3} \pi n +\frac {1}{6} \pi \right )}{5 \pi ^{2} \left (2 n +1\right )^{2}}\]

Hand solution

Solving the wave PDE on string \[ u_{tt}=c^{2}u_{xx}\qquad t>0,x>0 \] Boundary conditions, \(t>0\)\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ \left . \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}\right \vert _{x=L} & =0 \end {align*}

Initial conditions, \(t=0\)\begin {align*} u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) =\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}\frac {3h}{L}x & & 0<x<\frac {L}{3}\\ h & & \frac {L}{3}<x<L \end {array} \right . \\ u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Using \(c=4,L=3,h=\frac {1}{10}\). Hence \(f\left ( x\right ) =\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}\frac {1}{10}x & & 0<x<1\\ \frac {1}{10} & & 1<x<3 \end {array} \right . \)

The general problem PDE was solved in 6.1.1.21 on page 1316 and the solution is\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {2}{L}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}ct\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \] Substituting the specific values given above into this solution gives\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\frac {2}{3}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}s\right ) ds\right ) \cos \left ( 4\frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \] But \begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) dx & =\int _{0}^{\frac {L}{3}}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) dx+\int _{\frac {L}{3}}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {1}{10}\int _{0}^{1}x\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) dx+\frac {1}{10}\int _{1}^{3}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {18}{5\pi ^{2}\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) \end {align*}

Hence the solution becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {2}{3}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac {18}{5\pi ^{2}\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {2}{3}\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {1}{6}\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi x\right ) \\ & =\frac {36}{15\pi ^{2}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac {1}{\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) \cos \left ( \frac {2}{3}\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {1}{6}\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi x\right ) \end {align*}

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Source code used for the above

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6.1.1.23 [357] Right end free, zero initial velocity, damping present (general case)

problem number 357

Added July 9, 2019 \[ u_{tt} + b u_t = c^2 u_{xx} \] For \(t>0\) and \(0<x<L\) and boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u_x(L,t) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= f(x)\\ u_t(x,0) &= 0 \\ \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] + b*D[u[x,t],t] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0, u[x, 0] == f[x]}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}, Assumptions->{b>0,L>0}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {\sqrt {2} e^{-\frac {b t}{2}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi x (2 K[1]-1)}{2 L}\right ) \left (\cos \left (\frac {1}{2} t \sqrt {\frac {c^2 \pi ^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2}{L^2}-b^2}\right ) \int _0^L \frac {\sqrt {2} f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x (2 K[1]-1)}{2 L}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} \, dx+\frac {2 \left (\int _0^L \frac {b f(x) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x (2 K[1]-1)}{2 L}\right )}{\sqrt {2} \sqrt {L}} \, dx\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} t \sqrt {\frac {c^2 \pi ^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2}{L^2}-b^2}\right )}{\sqrt {\frac {c^2 \pi ^2 (1-2 K[1])^2}{L^2}-b^2}}\right )}{\sqrt {L}} & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land \left (\left (L<0\land \left (\left (c<0\land \left (\left (b<-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]>\frac {\sqrt {\frac {b^2 L^2}{c^2}}}{2 \pi }+\frac {1}{2}\right )\lor \left (b=-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 2\right )\lor \left (-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi <b<\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 1\right )\lor \left (b=\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 2\right )\lor \left (b>\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]>\frac {\sqrt {\frac {b^2 L^2}{c^2}}}{2 \pi }+\frac {1}{2}\right )\right )\right )\lor \left (c>0\land \left (\left (b<-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]>\frac {\sqrt {\frac {b^2 L^2}{c^2}}}{2 \pi }+\frac {1}{2}\right )\lor \left (b=-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 2\right )\lor \left (-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi <b<\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 1\right )\lor \left (b=\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 2\right )\lor \left (b>\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]>\frac {\sqrt {\frac {b^2 L^2}{c^2}}}{2 \pi }+\frac {1}{2}\right )\right )\right )\right )\right )\lor \left (L>0\land \left (\left (c<0\land \left (\left (b<-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]>\frac {\sqrt {\frac {b^2 L^2}{c^2}}}{2 \pi }+\frac {1}{2}\right )\lor \left (b=-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 2\right )\lor \left (-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi <b<\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 1\right )\lor \left (b=\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 2\right )\lor \left (b>\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]>\frac {\sqrt {\frac {b^2 L^2}{c^2}}}{2 \pi }+\frac {1}{2}\right )\right )\right )\lor \left (c>0\land \left (\left (b<-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]>\frac {\sqrt {\frac {b^2 L^2}{c^2}}}{2 \pi }+\frac {1}{2}\right )\lor \left (b=-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 2\right )\lor \left (-\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi <b<\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 1\right )\lor \left (b=\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]\geq 2\right )\lor \left (b>\sqrt {\frac {c^2}{L^2}} \pi \land K[1]>\frac {\sqrt {\frac {b^2 L^2}{c^2}}}{2 \pi }+\frac {1}{2}\right )\right )\right )\right )\right )\right ) \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
interface(showassumed=0); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2) + b*diff(u(x,t),t) = c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := D[2](u)(x,0)=0,u(x,0)=f(x); 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming L>0,b>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {\left (\left (L b +\sqrt {L^{2} b^{2}-4 \left (n +\frac {1}{2}\right )^{2} \pi ^{2} c^{2}}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\left (L b -\sqrt {L^{2} b^{2}-4 \left (n +\frac {1}{2}\right )^{2} \pi ^{2} c^{2}}\right ) t}{2 L}}-\left (L b -\sqrt {L^{2} b^{2}-4 \left (n +\frac {1}{2}\right )^{2} \pi ^{2} c^{2}}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\left (L b +\sqrt {L^{2} b^{2}-4 \left (n +\frac {1}{2}\right )^{2} \pi ^{2} c^{2}}\right ) t}{2 L}}\right ) \left (\int _{0}^{L}f \left (x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right )d x \right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right )}{\sqrt {L^{2} b^{2}-4 \left (n +\frac {1}{2}\right )^{2} \pi ^{2} c^{2}}\, L}\]

Hand solution

 Solving for \(t>0,0<x<L\)\[ u_{tt}+bu_{t}=c^{2}u_{xx}\qquad 0<x<L,t>0 \] Boundary conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ \left . \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}\right \vert _{x=L} & =0 \end {align*}

Initial conditions, \(t=0\)\begin {align*} u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Separation of variables gives\begin {align*} T^{\prime \prime }X+bT^{\prime }X & =c^{2}X^{\prime \prime }T\\ \frac {1}{c^{2}}\left ( \frac {T^{\prime \prime }}{T}+b\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}\right ) & =\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \end {align*}

The eigenvalue ODE is\begin {align*} X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\\ X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\\ X^{\prime }\left ( L\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Only \(\lambda >0\) gives non-trivial solution from the nature of the boundary conditions. Hence solution is\[ X\left ( x\right ) =A\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Since \(X\left ( 0\right ) =0\) then the above gives \(0=A\) and the solution becomes\[ X\left ( x\right ) =B\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Taking derivatives\[ X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) =\sqrt {\lambda }B\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Since \(X^{\prime }\left ( L\right ) =0\) the above becomes\[ 0=\sqrt {\lambda }B\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) \] Which implies \(\sqrt {\lambda }L=\frac {n\pi }{2}\) for \(n=1,3,5,\cdots \) or \[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \] Hence the eigenfunctions are\[ \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \] The time ODE now becomes\begin {align*} \frac {1}{c^{2}}\left ( \frac {T^{\prime \prime }}{T}+b\frac {T^{\prime }}{T}\right ) & =-\lambda _{n}\\ \frac {T^{\prime \prime }}{T}+b\frac {T^{\prime }}{T} & =-c^{2}\lambda _{n}\\ T^{\prime \prime }+bT^{\prime }+c^{2}\lambda _{n}T & =0 \end {align*}

The characteristic equation \(r^{2}+br+c^{2}\lambda _{n}=0\) has the roots \(r=\frac {-B}{2A}\pm \frac {1}{2A}\sqrt {B^{2}-4AC}\rightarrow r=\frac {-b}{2}\pm \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\lambda _{n}}\) or\[ r=\frac {-b}{2}\pm \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\lambda _{n}}\] Case \(b^{2}<4c^{2}\lambda _{n}\) for all \(n\). This is called the underdamped case, which generates damped oscillations. The roots becomes\[ r=\frac {-b}{2}\pm \frac {1}{2}i\sqrt {4c^{2}\lambda _{n}-b^{2}}\] Let \(\beta _{n}=\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\lambda _{n}-b^{2}}\), then\[ r=\frac {-b}{2}\pm i\beta _{n}\] Hence the solution is\[ T_{n}\left ( t\right ) =e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) \right ) \] Therefore the complete solution becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \tag {1} \end {equation} At \(t=0\) the above becomes\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }D_{n}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] Applying orthogonality gives\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx & =D_{n}\int _{0}^{L}\Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {L}{2}D_{n} \end {align*}

Hence\begin {equation} D_{n}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx\tag {2} \end {equation} Taking time derivative of (1) gives\[ u_{t}\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\frac {-b}{2}e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) +e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( -\beta _{n}D_{n}\sin \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) +E_{n}\beta _{n}\cos \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] At \(t=0\) since \(g\left ( x\right ) =0\) then the above becomes\begin {align} 0 & =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( \frac {-b}{2}D_{n}+E_{n}\beta _{n}\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \nonumber \\ 0 & =\frac {-b}{2}D_{n}+E_{n}\beta _{n}\nonumber \\ E_{n} & =\frac {bD_{n}}{2\beta _{n}}\tag {3} \end {align}

Using (2,3), the solution (1) now becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) +\frac {bD_{n}}{2\beta _{n}}\sin \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \\ & =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }D_{n}e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( \cos \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) +\frac {b}{2\beta _{n}}\sin \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Or\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( \cos \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) +\frac {b}{2\beta _{n}}\sin \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) \right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] But \(\beta _{n}=\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\lambda _{n}-b^{2}}\),\(\lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}\) and \(\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \), hence the above becomes

\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\frac {b\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Or\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\frac {b\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Case \(b^{2}=4c^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}\). We see that for \(n=1\) it becomes critical, because then \(b=\frac {\pi c}{L}\) and now and the discriminant is zero in this case. This is called the critical damped case. For \(n>1\), it becomes underdamped, which is the above case. So we only need to find solution for \(n=1\). In this case, the solution to \(T^{\prime \prime }+bT^{\prime }+c^{2}\lambda _{1}T=0\) is\[ T_{1}\left ( t\right ) =D_{1}e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}+E_{1}te^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\] Therefore the complete solution becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\left ( D_{1}e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}+E_{1}te^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) +\sum _{n=3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( D_{n}e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}+E_{n}te^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \tag {4} \end {equation} For \(n=1\), At \(t=0\), from intial conditions (4) becomes\[ f\left ( x\right ) =D_{1}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \] By orthognailty the above gives\begin {equation} D_{1}=\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\tag {5} \end {equation} Taking time derivative of (4) for \(n=1\), gives\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =\left ( \frac {-b}{2}D_{1}e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}+E_{1}\left ( e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}-\frac {b}{2}te^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \] At \(t=0\) and since \(g\left ( x\right ) =0\), then the above becomes\begin {align} 0 & =\left ( \frac {-b}{2}D_{1}+E_{1}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \nonumber \\ \frac {-b}{2}D_{1}+E_{1} & =0\nonumber \\ E_{1} & =\frac {b}{2}D_{1}\tag {6} \end {align}

Using (5,6) then (4) becomes\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =D_{1}\left ( e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}+\frac {b}{2}te^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) +\sum _{n=3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( D_{n}e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}+E_{n}te^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \\ & =\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\right ) \left ( e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}+\frac {b}{2}te^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}s\right ) ds\right ) \left ( e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}+\frac {bt}{2}e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \end {align*}

For the case of \(n>1\), the solution was found in the above underdamped case. Putting all these together, gives the solution as\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) \left ( e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}+\frac {b}{2}te^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\frac {b\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Case \(b^{2}>4c^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}\). Will consider only the case when this is true for \(n=1\) only. If this is true for larger \(n\), then same solution needs to be summed for each mode. But for simplicity, will consider \(n=1\) here. In this case, the roots are\[ r=\frac {-b}{2}\pm \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\lambda _{1}}\] Where now \(b^{2}-4c^{2}\lambda _{1}\) is positive. Hence we get \(r_{1}=\frac {-b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\lambda _{1}},r_{2}=\frac {-b}{2}-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\lambda _{1}}\) or \begin {align*} r_{1} & =\frac {-b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}\\ r_{1} & =\frac {-b}{2}-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}} \end {align*}

And the solution to \(T_{1}^{\prime \prime }+bT_{1}^{\prime }+c^{2}\lambda _{1}T=0\) is\[ T_{1}\left ( t\right ) =e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( D_{1}e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}+E_{1}e^{\frac {-1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}\right ) \] For the rest of the modes, the solution is from above\[ T_{n}\left ( t\right ) =e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) \right ) \qquad n=3,5,7,\cdots \] Hence the complete solution becomes\begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( D_{1}e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}+E_{1}e^{\frac {-1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \tag {7}\\ & +\sum _{n=3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \nonumber \end {align}

At \(t=0\) and for \(n=1\), the above becomes\[ f\left ( x\right ) =\left ( D_{1}+E_{1}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \] Hence\begin {equation} \left ( D_{1}+E_{1}\right ) =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\tag {8} \end {equation} Taking time derivative of (7) and for \(n=1\) at \(t=0\) it gives\[ 0=\left ( \frac {-b}{2}\left ( D_{1}+E_{1}\right ) +\left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}D_{1}-E_{1}\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \] Hence\begin {align} \frac {-b}{2}\left ( D_{1}+E_{1}\right ) +\left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}D_{1}-E_{1}\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}\right ) & =0\nonumber \\ -E_{1}\left ( \frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}\right ) & =\left ( \frac {b}{2}-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}\right ) D_{1}\nonumber \\ E_{1} & =\frac {-\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}D_{1}\tag {9} \end {align}

From (8,9)\begin {align*} D_{1} & =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx-E_{1}\\ D_{1}-\frac {\frac {b}{2}-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}D_{1} & =\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\\ D_{1} & =\frac {\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx}{1-\frac {\frac {b}{2}-\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}}\\ & =\frac {\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

And therefore\begin {align*} E_{1} & =\frac {-\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}\left ( \frac {\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {-\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}\frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) dx \end {align*}

For \(n>1\) the solution is the same as the underdamped case above. Hence the complete solution becomes from (7)\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( D_{1}e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}+E_{1}e^{\frac {-1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \beta _{n}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Or\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( \frac {\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \frac {2}{L}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\frac {\pi }{2L}}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( \frac {-\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \frac {2}{L}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\frac {\pi }{2L}}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\frac {b\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Or\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( \frac {\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \frac {2}{L}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\frac {\pi }{2L}}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( \frac {-\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \frac {2}{L}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\frac {\pi }{2L}}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\frac {b\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

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6.1.1.24 [358] Right end free, zero initial velocity, damping present (special case, underdamped)

problem number 358

Added July 9, 2019 \[ u_{tt} + b u_t = c^2 u_{xx} \] For \(t>0\) and \(0<x<L\) and boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u_x(L,t) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= f(x)\\ u_t(x,0) &= 0 \\ \end {align*}

Using the following values \begin {align*} L &=3 \\ c &= 4\\ f(x) &= \left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}\frac {3h}{L}x & & 0<x<\frac {L}{3}\\ h & & \frac {L}{3}<x<L \end {array} \right .\\ h &=\frac {1}{10}\\ b &=\frac {1}{2} \frac {\pi c}{L} \end {align*}

Hence \(b = \frac {2 \pi }{3}\)

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
L=3; c=4; h=1/10; b=1/2*(Pi*c/L); 
f=Piecewise[{{3*h/L*x,0<x<L/3},{h,L/3<x<L}}]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] + b*D[u[x,t],t] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0, u[x, 0] == f}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {\frac {2}{3}} e^{-\frac {\pi t}{3}} \sin \left (\frac {1}{6} \pi x (2 K[1]-1)\right ) \left (-\frac {6 \sqrt {6} \cos \left (\frac {1}{3} \pi (K[1]+1)\right ) \cos \left (\frac {1}{2} t \sqrt {\frac {16}{9} \pi ^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2-\frac {4 \pi ^2}{9}}\right )}{5 \pi ^2 (1-2 K[1])^2}-\frac {6 \sqrt {6} \cos \left (\frac {1}{3} \pi (K[1]+1)\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} t \sqrt {\frac {16}{9} \pi ^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2-\frac {4 \pi ^2}{9}}\right )}{5 \pi ^2 (1-2 K[1])^2 \sqrt {16 K[1]^2-16 K[1]+3}}\right ) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 1 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
L:=3; 
c:=4; 
h:=1/10; 
b:=1/2*(Pi*c/L); 
f:=piecewise(0<x and x<L/3,3*h/L*x,L/3<x and x<L,h); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2) + b*diff(u(x,t),t) = c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := D[2](u)(x,0)=0,u(x,0)=f; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) ),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \left (-\frac {6 i \left (i \sqrt {16 n^{2}+16 n +3}\, {\mathrm e}^{\frac {\pi \left (i \sqrt {16 n^{2}+16 n +3}-1\right ) t}{3}}+{\mathrm e}^{\frac {\pi \left (i \sqrt {16 n^{2}+16 n +3}-1\right ) t}{3}}+i \sqrt {16 n^{2}+16 n +3}\, {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi \left (i \sqrt {16 n^{2}+16 n +3}+1\right ) t}{3}}-{\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi \left (i \sqrt {16 n^{2}+16 n +3}+1\right ) t}{3}}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{6}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{3} \pi n +\frac {1}{6} \pi \right )}{5 \sqrt {16 n^{2}+16 n +3}\, \pi ^{2} \left (2 n +1\right )^{2}}\right )\]

Hand solution

Solving the wave PDE on string underdamped case \(t>0,0<x<L\)\[ u_{tt}+bu_{t}=c^{2}u_{xx}\qquad 0<x<L,t>0 \] Boundary conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ \left . \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}\right \vert _{x=L} & =0 \end {align*}

Initial conditions, \(t=0\)\begin {align*} u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Using  \begin {align*} f\left ( x\right ) & =\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}\frac {3h}{L}x & & 0<x<\frac {L}{3}\\ h & & \frac {L}{3}<x<L \end {array} \right . \\ b & =\frac {2\pi }{3}\\ c & =4\\ L & =3 \end {align*}

Hence the PDE becomes \(u_{tt}+\frac {2\pi }{3}u_{t}=16u_{xx}\). The general solution to the above PDE was given in problem 6.1.1.23 on page 1328. The eigenvalues are given as \[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=0,1,2,\cdots \] And the discriminant is \(b^{2}-4c^{2}\lambda _{n}=b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}=b^{2}-\left ( 4\right ) \left ( 16\right ) \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}\pi ^{2}}{36}\right ) \). For \(n=0\) this gives\(\ b^{2}-\frac {16}{9}\pi ^{2}\). But\(\ b=\frac {2\pi }{3}\). Hence discriminant is \(\left ( \frac {2\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}-\frac {16}{9}\pi ^{2}=-\frac {4}{3}\pi ^{2}\). Since discriminant is negative, then this is underdamped wave with damped oscillations as the solution given from the above problem as\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\frac {b\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Replacing given values in the above solution results in\begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{3}\int _{0}^{3}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-\pi }{3}t}\left ( \cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {2\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \tag {1}\\ & +\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{3}\int _{0}^{3}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-\pi }{3}t}\left ( \frac {2\pi }{3}\frac {\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {2\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {2\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \nonumber \end {align}

But \begin {align*} \int _{0}^{3}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}s\right ) & =\frac {1}{10}\int _{0}^{1}x\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) dx+\frac {1}{10}\int _{1}^{3}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {18}{5\pi ^{2}\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) \end {align*}

Hence the solution (1) becomes\begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{3}\frac {18}{5\pi ^{2}\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) \right ) e^{\frac {-\pi }{3}t}\left ( \cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {2\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \tag {2}\\ & +\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{3}\frac {18}{5\pi ^{2}\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) \right ) e^{\frac {-\pi }{3}t}\left ( \frac {2\pi }{3}\frac {\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {2\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {2\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \nonumber \end {align}

Animation is below

Source code used for the above

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6.1.1.25 [359] Right end free, zero initial velocity, damping present (special case, critical damped)

problem number 359

Added July 10, 2019 \[ u_{tt} + b u_t = c^2 u_{xx} \] For \(t>0\) and \(0<x<L\) and boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u_x(L,t) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= f(x)\\ u_t(x,0) &= 0 \\ \end {align*}

Using the following values \begin {align*} L &=3 \\ c &= 4\\ f(x) &= \left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}\frac {3h}{L}x & & 0<x<\frac {L}{3}\\ h & & \frac {L}{3}<x<L \end {array} \right .\\ h &=\frac {1}{10}\\ b &=\frac {\pi c}{L} \end {align*}

Hence \(b = \frac {4 \pi }{3}\)

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
L=3; c=4; h=1/10; b=Pi*c/L; 
f=Piecewise[{{3*h/L*x,0<x<L/3},{h,L/3<x<L}}]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] + b*D[u[x,t],t] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0, u[x, 0] == f}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {\frac {2}{3}} e^{-\frac {2 \pi t}{3}} \sin \left (\frac {1}{6} \pi x (2 K[1]-1)\right ) \left (-\frac {6 \sqrt {6} \cos \left (\frac {1}{3} \pi (K[1]+1)\right ) \cos \left (\frac {1}{2} t \sqrt {\frac {16}{9} \pi ^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2-\frac {16 \pi ^2}{9}}\right )}{5 \pi ^2 (1-2 K[1])^2}-\frac {3 \sqrt {6} \cos \left (\frac {1}{3} \pi (K[1]+1)\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} t \sqrt {\frac {16}{9} \pi ^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2-\frac {16 \pi ^2}{9}}\right )}{5 \pi ^2 \sqrt {(K[1]-1) K[1]} (2 K[1]-1)^2}\right ) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 2 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
L:=3; 
c:=4; 
h:=1/10; 
b:=Pi*c/L; 
f:=piecewise(0<x and x<L/3,3*h/L*x,L/3<x and x<L,h); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2) + b*diff(u(x,t),t) = c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := D[2](u)(x,0)=0,u(x,0)=f; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) ),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \left \{\begin {array}{cc} \frac {4 \left (\pi t +\frac {3}{2}\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {2 \pi t}{3}} \sin \left (\frac {\pi x}{6}\right )}{5 \pi ^{2}} & n =0 \\ \frac {3 \left (\cos \left (\frac {\pi n}{3}\right )+\sqrt {3}\, \sin \left (\frac {\pi n}{3}\right )\right ) \left (\left (2 \sqrt {n +1}\, \sqrt {n}+i\right ) {\mathrm e}^{\frac {2 i \pi \left (-2 \sqrt {n +1}\, \sqrt {n}+i\right ) t}{3}}+\left (2 \sqrt {n +1}\, \sqrt {n}-i\right ) {\mathrm e}^{\frac {2 i \pi \left (2 \sqrt {n +1}\, \sqrt {n}+i\right ) t}{3}}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{6}\right )}{10 \sqrt {n +1}\, \pi ^{2} \left (2 n +1\right )^{2} \sqrt {n}} & \mathit {otherwise} \end {array}\right .\]

Hand solution

Solving the wave PDE on string underdamped case \(t>0,0<x<L\)\[ u_{tt}+bu_{t}=c^{2}u_{xx}\qquad 0<x<L,t>0 \] Boundary conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ \left . \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}\right \vert _{x=L} & =0 \end {align*}

Initial conditions, \(t=0\)\begin {align*} u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Using  \begin {align*} f\left ( x\right ) & =\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}\frac {3h}{L}x & & 0<x<\frac {L}{3}\\ h & & \frac {L}{3}<x<L \end {array} \right . \\ b & =\frac {4\pi }{3}\\ c & =4\\ L & =3\\ h & =\frac {1}{10} \end {align*}

Hence the PDE becomes \(u_{tt}+\frac {4\pi }{3}u_{t}=16u_{xx}\). The general solution to the above PDE was given in problem 6.1.1.23 on page 1328. The eigenvalues are given as \[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=0,1,2,\cdots \] And the discriminant is \(b^{2}-4c^{2}\lambda _{n}=b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}=b^{2}-\left ( 4\right ) \left ( 16\right ) \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}\pi ^{2}}{36}\right ) \). For \(n=0\) this gives\(\ b^{2}-\left ( \frac {4}{3}\pi \right ) ^{2}\). But\(\ b=\frac {4\pi }{3}\). Hence discriminant is zero for \(n=0\). This means this is critically damped in first mode. Using the the solution for this case from the above general solution as

\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) \left ( e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}+\frac {b}{2}te^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\frac {b\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Replacing given values in the above solution results in\begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\left ( \frac {2}{3}\int _{0}^{3}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{6}x\right ) dx\right ) \left ( e^{\frac {-2\pi t}{3}}+\frac {b}{2}te^{\frac {-2\pi t}{3}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{6}x\right ) \tag {1}\\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{3}\int _{0}^{3}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-2\pi t}{3}}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {4\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \nonumber \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{3}\int _{0}^{3}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\frac {\left ( \frac {4\pi }{3}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {4\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {4\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \nonumber \end {align}

But

\[ \int _{0}^{3}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{6}x\right ) dx=\frac {9}{5\pi ^{2}}\]

And\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{3}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}s\right ) & =\frac {1}{10}\int _{0}^{1}x\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) dx+\frac {1}{10}\int _{1}^{3}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {18}{5\pi ^{2}\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) \end {align*}

Hence the solution (1) becomes

\begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\frac {6}{5\pi ^{2}}\left ( e^{\frac {-2\pi t}{3}}+\frac {2}{3}\pi te^{\frac {-2\pi t}{3}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{6}x\right ) \tag {1}\\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {12}{5\pi ^{2}\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) e^{\frac {-2\pi t}{3}}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {4\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \nonumber \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {12}{5\pi ^{2}\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) e^{\frac {-2\pi t}{3}}\frac {\left ( \frac {4\pi }{3}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {4\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\left ( \frac {4\pi }{3}\right ) ^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \nonumber \end {align}

Animation is below

Source code used for the above

____________________________________________________________________________________

6.1.1.26 [360] Right end free, zero initial velocity, damping present (special case, over damped)

problem number 360

Added July 11, 2019 \[ u_{tt} + b u_t = c^2 u_{xx} \] For \(t>0\) and \(0<x<L\) and boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u_x(L,t) &=0 \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= f(x)\\ u_t(x,0) &= 0 \\ \end {align*}

Using the following values \begin {align*} L &=3 \\ c &= 4\\ f(x) &= \left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}\frac {3h}{L}x & & 0<x<\frac {L}{3}\\ h & & \frac {L}{3}<x<L \end {array} \right .\\ h &=\frac {1}{10}\\ b &=\frac {3}{2} \frac {\pi c}{L} \end {align*}

Hence \(b = 2 \pi \)

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
L=3; c=4; h=1/10; b=3/2*Pi*c/L; 
f=Piecewise[{{3*h/L*x,0<x<L/3},{h,L/3<x<L}}]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] + b*D[u[x,t],t] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0, u[x, 0] == f}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {\frac {2}{3}} e^{-\pi t} \sin \left (\frac {1}{6} \pi x (2 K[1]-1)\right ) \left (-\frac {6 \sqrt {6} \cos \left (\frac {1}{3} \pi (K[1]+1)\right ) \cos \left (\frac {1}{2} t \sqrt {\frac {16}{9} \pi ^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2-4 \pi ^2}\right )}{5 \pi ^2 (1-2 K[1])^2}-\frac {18 \sqrt {6} \cos \left (\frac {1}{3} \pi (K[1]+1)\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{2} t \sqrt {\frac {16}{9} \pi ^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2-4 \pi ^2}\right )}{5 \pi ^2 (1-2 K[1])^2 \sqrt {16 K[1]^2-16 K[1]-5}}\right ) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 2 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
L:=3; 
c:=4; 
h:=1/10; 
b:=3/2*Pi*c/L; 
f:=piecewise(0<x and x<L/3,3*h/L*x,L/3<x and x<L,h); 
pde := diff(u(x,t),t$2) + b*diff(u(x,t),t) = c^2*diff(u(x,t),x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,D[1](u)(L,t)=0; 
ic  := D[2](u)(x,0)=0,u(x,0)=f; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde,bc,ic],u(x,t)) ),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {6 \left (\left (\sqrt {-16 n^{2}-16 n +5}+3\right ) {\mathrm e}^{\frac {\pi \left (\sqrt {-16 n^{2}-16 n +5}-3\right ) t}{3}}+\left (\sqrt {-16 n^{2}-16 n +5}-3\right ) {\mathrm e}^{-\frac {\pi \left (\sqrt {-16 n^{2}-16 n +5}+3\right ) t}{3}}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{6}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {1}{3} \pi n +\frac {1}{6} \pi \right )}{5 \sqrt {-16 n^{2}-16 n +5}\, \pi ^{2} \left (2 n +1\right )^{2}}\]

Hand solution

Solving the wave PDE on string underdamped case \(t>0,0<x<L\)\[ u_{tt}+bu_{t}=c^{2}u_{xx}\qquad 0<x<L,t>0 \] Boundary conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ \left . \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}\right \vert _{x=L} & =0 \end {align*}

Initial conditions, \(t=0\)\begin {align*} u_{t}\left ( x,0\right ) & =0\\ u\left ( x,0\right ) & =f\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Using  \begin {align*} f\left ( x\right ) & =\left \{ \begin {array} [c]{ccc}\frac {3h}{L}x & & 0<x<\frac {L}{3}\\ h & & \frac {L}{3}<x<L \end {array} \right . \\ b & =2\pi \\ c & =4\\ L & =3\\ h & =\frac {1}{10} \end {align*}

Hence the PDE becomes \(u_{tt}+2\pi u_{t}=16u_{xx}\). The general solution to the above PDE was given in problem 6.1.1.23 on page 1328. The eigenvalues are given as \[ \lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}\qquad n=0,1,2,\cdots \] And the discriminant is \(b^{2}-4c^{2}\lambda _{n}=b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}=b^{2}-\left ( 4\right ) \left ( 16\right ) \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}\pi ^{2}}{36}\right ) \). For \(n=0\) this gives\(\ b^{2}-\left ( \frac {4}{3}\pi \right ) ^{2}\). But\(\ b=2\pi \). Hence discriminant is positive for \(n=0\). This means this is critically damped in first mode. Using the the solution for this case from the above general solution as

\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( \frac {\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \frac {2}{L}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\frac {\pi }{2L}}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\left ( \frac {-\frac {b}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}{\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \frac {2}{L}\left ( \int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\frac {\pi }{2L}}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}\sqrt {b^{2}-4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}}t}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{L}\int _{0}^{L}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-b}{2}t}\frac {b\sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {4c^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}-b^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \end {align*}

Replacing given values in the above solution results in\begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =e^{-\pi t}\left ( \frac {\pi +\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\pi ^{2}-64\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}}{\sqrt {4\pi ^{2}-64\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \frac {2}{3}\left ( \int _{0}^{3}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\frac {\pi }{6}}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\pi ^{2}-64\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}t}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{6}x\right ) \tag {1}\\ & +e^{-\pi t}\left ( \frac {-\pi +\frac {1}{2}\sqrt {4\pi ^{2}-64\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}}{\sqrt {4\pi ^{2}-64\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \frac {2}{3}\left ( \int _{0}^{3}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\frac {\pi }{6}}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}\sqrt {4\pi ^{2}-64\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}t}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{6}x\right ) \nonumber \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{3}\int _{0}^{3}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{-\pi t}\cos \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-4\pi ^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \nonumber \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left ( \frac {2}{3}\int _{0}^{3}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}s\right ) ds\right ) e^{-\pi t}\frac {2\pi \sin \left ( \frac {1}{2}\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-4\pi ^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {64\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-4\pi ^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \nonumber \end {align}

But

\[ \int _{0}^{3}f\left ( x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{6}x\right ) dx=\frac {9}{5\pi ^{2}}\]

And\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{3}f\left ( s\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}s\right ) & =\frac {1}{10}\int _{0}^{1}x\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) dx+\frac {1}{10}\int _{1}^{3}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) dx\\ & =\frac {18}{5\pi ^{2}\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) \end {align*}

Hence the solution (1) becomes

\begin {align} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =e^{-\pi t}\left ( \frac {\pi +\sqrt {\pi ^{2}-16\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}}{2\sqrt {\pi ^{2}-16\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \left ( \frac {6}{5\pi ^{2}}\right ) e^{\sqrt {\pi ^{2}-16\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}t}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{6}x\right ) \tag {2}\\ & +e^{-\pi t}\left ( \frac {-\pi +\sqrt {\pi ^{2}-16\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}}{2\sqrt {\pi ^{2}-16\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}}\right ) \left ( \frac {6}{5\pi ^{2}}\right ) e^{-\sqrt {\pi ^{2}-16\left ( \frac {\pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}}t}\sin \left ( \frac {\pi }{6}x\right ) \nonumber \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {12}{5\pi ^{2}\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) e^{-\pi t}\cos \left ( \sqrt {16\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\pi ^{2}}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \nonumber \\ & +\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\frac {12}{5\pi ^{2}\left ( 2n+1\right ) ^{2}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) e^{-\pi t}\frac {\pi \sin \left ( \sqrt {16\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\pi ^{2}}t\right ) }{\sqrt {16\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}\right ) ^{2}-\pi ^{2}}}\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{6}x\right ) \nonumber \end {align}

Animation is below

Source code used for the above

____________________________________________________________________________________

6.1.1.27 [361] I.C. at different times, right end free, with source

problem number 361

Added July 2, 2018. This is Example 2 (pde 10) taken from Maple document What_is_New_after_Maple_2018.pdf

Solve \[ -u_{tt} + u(x,t)= u_{xx} + 2 e^{-t} \left ( x - \frac {1}{2} x^2 + \frac {1}{2} t - 1 \right ) \] With boundary condition \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0 \\ \frac {\partial u(1,t)}{\partial x} &= 0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= x^2-2 x \\ u(x,1)&= u(x,\frac {1}{2}) + e^{-1} \left ( \frac {1}{2} x^2-x\right ) - \left ( \frac {3}{4} x^2- \frac {3}{2}x \right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}} \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  -D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] + u[x, t] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + 2*Exp[-t]*(x - (1/2)*x^2 + (1/2)*t - 1); 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][1, t] == 0}; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == x^2 - 2*x, u[x, 1] == u[x, 1/2] + ((1/2)*x^2 - x)*Exp[-1] - ((3*x^2)/4 - (3/2)*x)*Exp[-2^(-1)]}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, ic, bc}, u[x, t], x, t], 60*10]];
 

Failed

Maple

restart; 
pde := -diff(u(x, t), t, t) + u(x, t) = diff(u(x, t), x, x)+ 2*exp(-t)*(x-(1/2)*x^2+(1/2)*t-1); 
ic  := u(x, 0) = x^2-2*x, 
       u(x, 1) = u(x, 1/2)+((1/2)*x^2-x)*exp(-1)-(3/4*(x^2)-3/2*x)*exp(-1/2); 
bc  := u(0, t) = 0, eval(diff(u(x, t), x), {x = 1}) = 0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, ic, bc],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = -\frac {\left (x -2\right ) \left (t -2\right ) x \,{\mathrm e}^{-t}}{2}\]

Hand solution

Solve \begin {equation} -u_{tt}+u=u_{xx}+2e^{-t}\left ( x-\frac {1}{2}x^{2}+\frac {1}{2}t-1\right ) \qquad t>0,0<x<1\tag {1} \end {equation} Boundary conditions\begin {align*} u\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ \left . \frac {\partial u}{\partial x}\right \vert _{x=1} & =0 \end {align*}

Initial conditions, \(t=0\)\begin {align*} u\left ( x,0\right ) & =x^{2}-2x\\ u\left ( x,1\right ) & =u\left ( x,\frac {1}{2}\right ) +e^{-1}\left ( \frac {1}{2}x^{2}-x\right ) -\left ( \frac {3}{4}x^{2}-\frac {3}{2}x\right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}} \end {align*}

Since boundary conditions are homogeneous, we can directly use eigenfunction expansion method. Let the solution be \begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }c_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \tag {2} \end {equation} Where \(\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \) are the eigenfunctions of the corresponding homogeneous PDE \(-u_{tt}+u=u_{xx}\). Using separation of variables, Let \(u=X\left ( x\right ) T\left ( t\right ) .\) Substituting this back in \(-u_{tt}+u=u_{xx}\) gives\begin {align*} -T^{\prime \prime }X+XT & =X^{\prime \prime }T\\ -\frac {T^{\prime \prime }}{T}+1 & =\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \end {align*}

The eigenvalue ODE is\begin {align*} X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\\ X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\\ X^{\prime }\left ( 1\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

This is known to have the eigenvalues are \(\lambda _{n}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) ^{2}=\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}\right ) ^{2}\,\), since \(L=1\). This is for \(n=1,3,5,\cdots \) and the eigenfunctions are \(\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) =\sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) \). Therefore the solution (2) is\begin {align*} u\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }c_{n}\left ( t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) \\ & =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }c_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \end {align*}

Substituting this back into (1) gives\begin {equation} -\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }c_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }c_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }c_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }b_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \tag {3} \end {equation} Where \(\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }b_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi \left ( x\right ) =2e^{-t}\left ( x-\frac {1}{2}x^{2}+\frac {1}{2}t-1\right ) \). By orthogonality this becomes\begin {align*} \int _{0}^{1}2e^{-t}\left ( x-\frac {1}{2}x^{2}+\frac {1}{2}t-1\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) dx & =b_{n}\left ( t\right ) \int _{0}^{1}\Phi _{n}^{2}\left ( x\right ) dx\\ 2e^{-t}\int _{0}^{1}\left ( x-\frac {1}{2}x^{2}+\frac {1}{2}t-1\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) dx & =\frac {1}{2}b_{n}\left ( t\right ) \end {align*}

But \(2e^{-t}\int _{0}^{1}\left ( x-\frac {1}{2}x^{2}+\frac {1}{2}t-1\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) dx=\frac {2e^{-t}\left ( 8+\left ( t-2\right ) n^{2}\pi ^{2}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\). Hence the above gives\[ b_{n}\left ( t\right ) =\frac {4e^{-t}\left ( 8+\left ( t-2\right ) n^{2}\pi ^{2}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\] Substituting the above into (3) gives\[ -\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }c_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }c_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }c_{n}\left ( t\right ) \Phi _{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( x\right ) +\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\frac {4e^{-t}\left ( 8+\left ( t-2\right ) n^{2}\pi ^{2}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \] But \(\Phi _{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( x\right ) =-\lambda _{n}\Phi _{n}\left ( x\right ) \), hence the above simplifies to\begin {align*} -c_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) +c_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =-\lambda _{n}c_{n}\left ( t\right ) +\frac {4e^{-t}\left ( 8+\left ( t-2\right ) n^{2}\pi ^{2}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\\ -c_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) +\left ( 1+\lambda _{n}\right ) c_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =\frac {4e^{-t}\left ( 8+\left ( t-2\right ) n^{2}\pi ^{2}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\\ c_{n}^{\prime \prime }\left ( t\right ) -\left ( 1+\frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}}{4}\right ) c_{n}\left ( t\right ) & =-\frac {4e^{-t}\left ( 8+\left ( t-2\right ) n^{2}\pi ^{2}\right ) }{n^{3}\pi ^{3}} \end {align*}

The solution to this second order ODE can be found to be\[ c_{n}\left ( t\right ) =A_{n}e^{\frac {-\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}t}{2}}+B_{n}e^{\frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}t}{2}}+\frac {16\left ( t-2\right ) e^{-t}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\] Hence (2) becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( A_{n}e^{\frac {-\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}t}{2}}+B_{n}e^{\frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}t}{2}}+\frac {16\left ( t-2\right ) e^{-t}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) \tag {4} \end {equation} At \(t=0\) the above becomes\[ x^{2}-2x=\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }\left ( A_{n}+B_{n}-\frac {32}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) \] Applying orthogonality gives\[ \int _{0}^{1}\left ( x^{2}-2x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) dx=\left ( A_{n}+B_{n}-\frac {32}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\right ) \frac {1}{2}\] But \(\int _{0}^{1}\left ( x^{2}-2x\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) dx=-\frac {16}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\), hence the above gives\begin {align} -\frac {32}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}} & =A_{n}+B_{n}-\frac {32}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\tag {5}\\ A_{n} & =-B_{n}\nonumber \end {align}

Therefore the solution (4) now becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( e^{\frac {-\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}t}{2}}-e^{\frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}t}{2}}+\frac {16\left ( t-2\right ) e^{-t}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) \tag {6} \end {equation} The second initial conditions is \(u\left ( x,1\right ) =u\left ( x,\frac {1}{2}\right ) +e^{-1}\left ( \frac {1}{2}x^{2}-x\right ) -\left ( \frac {3}{4}x^{2}-\frac {3}{2}x\right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}}\). At \(t=1\) the above gives\[ u\left ( x,1\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( e^{\frac {-\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{2}}-e^{\frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{2}}-\frac {16e^{-1}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) \] At \(t=\frac {1}{2}\) Eq (6) gives\[ u\left ( x,\frac {1}{2}\right ) =\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( e^{\frac {-\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{4}}-e^{\frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{4}}-\frac {24e^{-\frac {1}{2}}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) \] Hence the second initial conditions implies \begin {multline*} \sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( e^{\frac {-\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{2}}-e^{\frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{2}}-\frac {16}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-1}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) \\ -\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( e^{\frac {-\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{4}}-e^{\frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{4}}-\frac {24}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-\frac {1}{2}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) =e^{-1}\left ( \frac {1}{2}x^{2}-x\right ) -\left ( \frac {3}{4}x^{2}-\frac {3}{2}x\right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}} \end {multline*} Or\begin {multline*} \sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( -2\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{2}\right ) -\frac {16}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-1}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) \\ -\sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( -2\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{4}\right ) -\frac {24}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-\frac {1}{2}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) =e^{-1}\left ( \frac {1}{2}x^{2}-x\right ) -\left ( \frac {3}{4}x^{2}-\frac {3}{2}x\right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}} \end {multline*}Simplifying gives\begin {multline*} \sum _{n=1,3,5,\cdots }^{\infty }A_{n}\left ( 2\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{4}\right ) -2\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{2}\right ) -\frac {16}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-1}+\frac {24}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-\frac {1}{2}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) =\\ e^{-1}\left ( \frac {1}{2}x^{2}-x\right ) -\left ( \frac {3}{4}x^{2}-\frac {3}{2}x\right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}} \end {multline*}Applying orthogonality gives\[ A_{n}\left ( 2\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{4}\right ) -2\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{2}\right ) -\frac {16}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-1}+\frac {24}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-\frac {1}{2}}\right ) \frac {1}{2}=\int _{0}^{1}\left ( e^{-1}\left ( \frac {1}{2}x^{2}-x\right ) -\left ( \frac {3}{4}x^{2}-\frac {3}{2}x\right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) dx \]But \(\int _{0}^{1}\left ( e^{-1}\left ( \frac {1}{2}x^{2}-x\right ) -\left ( \frac {3}{4}x^{2}-\frac {3}{2}x\right ) e^{\frac {-1}{2}}\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {n\pi }{2}x\right ) dx=-\frac {8e^{-\frac {1}{2}}-12e^{-1}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\), hence the above becomes\begin {align*} A_{n}\left ( 2\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{4}\right ) -2\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{2}\right ) -\frac {16}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-1}+\frac {24}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}e^{-\frac {1}{2}}\right ) & =-\frac {16e^{-1}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}+\frac {24e^{-\frac {1}{2}}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\\ 2A_{n}\left ( \sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{4}\right ) -\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{2}\right ) \right ) +A_{n}\left ( -\frac {16e^{-1}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}+\frac {24e^{-\frac {1}{2}}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}\right ) & =-\frac {16e^{-1}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}}+\frac {24e^{-\frac {1}{2}}}{n^{3}\pi ^{3}} \end {align*}

Since this is true for all \(n=1,3,5,\cdots \) then\begin {align*} A_{n}\left ( \sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{4}\right ) -\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{2}\right ) \right ) & =0\\ A_{n} & =1 \end {align*}

Which implies \(\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{4}\right ) -\sinh \left ( \frac {\sqrt {n^{2}\pi ^{2}+4}}{2}\right ) =0\) but this is not possible for \(n=1,3,5,\cdots \). Something went wrong. I need to look at this again.

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6.1.1.28 [362] Right end oscillates

problem number 362

Added December 20, 2018.

Left end fixed, right end oscillates, initially at rest. With source that depends on time and space.

Example 19, Taken from https://www.mapleprimes.com/posts/209970-Exact-Solutions-For-PDE-And-Boundary--Initial-Conditions-2018

Solve for \(u(x,t)\) with \(0<x<\pi \) and \(t>0\) \[ \frac {\partial ^2 u}{\partial t^2} = 4 \frac {\partial ^2 u}{\partial x^2} + (1+t) x \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(0,t) &= 0\\ u(\pi ,0) &=\sin (t) \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= 0\\ \frac {\partial u}{\partial t}(x,0) &=0 \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == 4*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] + (1 + t)*x; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == 0, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0}; 
bc  = {u[0, t] == 0, u[Pi, t] == Sin[t]}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \frac {x \sin (t)}{\pi }+\sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \sqrt {\frac {2}{\pi }} \sin (x K[1]) \left (\frac {(-1)^{K[1]} \left (-8 \sin (t) K[1]^3+2 \pi (-t+\cos (2 t K[1])-1) \left (4 K[1]^2-1\right ) K[1]+\left (4 (1+\pi ) K[1]^2-\pi \right ) \sin (2 t K[1])\right )}{4 \sqrt {2 \pi } K[1]^4 \left (4 K[1]^2-1\right )}+\frac {(-1)^{K[1]} \sin \left (2 t \sqrt {K[1]^2}\right )}{\sqrt {2 \pi } | K[1]| K[1]}\right ) & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land K[1]\geq 1 \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t$2) = 4*diff(u(x, t), x$2)+(1+t)*x; 
bc  := u(0,t)=0,u(Pi,t)=sin(t); 
ic  := u(x,0)=0,eval(diff(u(x,t),t),t=0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \frac {x \sin \left (t \right )}{\pi }+\left (\sum _{n=1}^\infty \frac {4 \left (-\frac {\left (n^{2} \sin \left (t \right )+\left (-\pi \,n^{2}+\frac {1}{4} \pi \right ) \cos \left (2 n t \right )+\left (n -\frac {1}{2}\right ) \left (n +\frac {1}{2}\right ) \left (t +1\right ) \pi \right ) n}{2}+\left (n^{4}+\frac {1}{4} \pi \,n^{2}-\frac {1}{16} \pi \right ) \sin \left (2 n t \right )\right ) \left (-1\right )^{n} \sin \left (n x \right )}{\pi \left (4 n^{2}-1\right ) n^{4}}\right )\]

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6.1.1.29 [363] Perioidic B.C.

problem number 363

Added May 26, 2019.

Taken from midterm 2 sample exam. UMN Math 5587, Fall 2016. Problem 8

Solve for \(u(x,t)\) with \(-\pi <x<\pi \) and \(t>0\) \[ u_{tt} = u_{xx} \] With boundary conditions \begin {align*} u(-\pi ,t) &= u(\pi ,t)\\ u_x(-\pi ,0) &=u_x(\pi ,t) \end {align*}

With initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= x\\ u_t(x,0) &=0 \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] ; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == x, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0}; 
bc  = {u[-Pi, t] == u[Pi,t], Derivative[1, 0][u][-Pi, t]  ==Derivative[1, 0][u][Pi, t] }; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

Failed

Maple

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t$2) = diff(u(x, t), x$2); 
bc  := u(-Pi,t)=u(Pi,t),eval(diff(u(x,t),x),x=-Pi)=eval(diff(u(x,t),x),x=Pi); 
ic  := u(x,0)=x,eval(diff(u(x,t),t),t=0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

sol=()

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6.1.1.30 [364] Mixed B.C.

problem number 364

Added May 26, 2019.

Taken from midterm 2 sample exam. UMN Math 5587, Fall 2016. Problem 10

Solve for \(u(x,t)\) with \(0<x<\pi \) and \(t>0\) \[ u_{tt} = u_{xx} \] With boundary conditions \(u(0,t) = u_t(\pi ,t)\) and initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= 0\\ u_t(x,0) &=1 \end {align*}

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde =  D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == D[u[x, t], {x, 2}] ; 
ic  = {u[x, 0] == 0, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 1}; 
bc  = u[0, t] == Derivative[1, 0][u][Pi, t] ; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t}], 60*10]];
 

Failed

Maple

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t$2) = diff(u(x, t), x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=eval(diff(u(x,t),x),x=Pi); 
ic  := u(x,0)=0,eval(diff(u(x,t),t),t=0)=1; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, bc,ic],u(x,t))),output='realtime'));
 

sol=()

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6.1.1.31 [365] Left end fixed, right end non-homogeneous Neumann BC. Zero initial conditions

problem number 365

Added January 12, 2020.

Solve for \(u(x,t)\) with \(0<x<L\) and \(t>0\) \[ u_{tt} = c^2 u_{xx} \] With boundary conditions \(u(0,t) = 0, u_x(L,t)=C\) and zero initial conditions \begin {align*} u(x,0) &= 0\\ u_t(x,0) &=0 \end {align*}

For animations use \(L=10,c=1,C=5\)

Mathematica

ClearAll["Global`*"]; 
pde = D[u[x, t], {t, 2}] == c^2*D[u[x, t], {x, 2}]; 
ic = {u[x, 0] == 0, Derivative[0, 1][u][x, 0] == 0}; 
bc = {u[0, t] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][L, t] == C0}; 
sol =  AbsoluteTiming[TimeConstrained[DSolve[{pde, bc, ic}, u[x, t], {x, t},Assumptions->L>0], 60*10]];
 

\[\left \{\left \{u(x,t)\to \begin {array}{cc} \{ & \begin {array}{cc} \text {C0} x+\sum _{K[1]=1}^\infty \frac {8 (-1)^{K[1]} \text {C0} L \cos \left (\frac {\pi t \sqrt {c^2 (2 K[1]-1)^2}}{2 L}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\pi x (2 K[1]-1)}{2 L}\right )}{\pi ^2 (1-2 K[1])^2} & K[1]\in \mathbb {Z}\land ((c<0\land K[1]\geq 1)\lor (c>0\land K[1]\geq 1)) \\ \text {Indeterminate} & \text {True} \\\end {array} \\\end {array}\right \}\right \}\]

Maple

restart; 
pde := diff(u(x, t), t$2) = c^2*diff(u(x, t), x$2); 
bc  := u(0,t)=0, D[1](u)(L,t)=C0; 
ic  := u(x,0)=0,D[2](u)(x,0)=0; 
cpu_time := timelimit(60*10,CodeTools[Usage](assign('sol',pdsolve([pde, bc,ic],u(x,t)) assuming L>0),output='realtime'));
 

\[u \left (x , t\right ) = \mathit {C0} x -8 \left (\sum _{n=0}^\infty \frac {\mathit {C0} L \left (-1\right )^{n} \cos \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi c t}{2 L}\right ) \sin \left (\frac {\left (2 n +1\right ) \pi x}{2 L}\right )}{\pi ^{2} \left (2 n +1\right )^{2}}\right )\]

Hand solution

Let \begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =v\left ( x,t\right ) +u_{E}\left ( x\right ) \tag {2} \end {equation} \(u_{E}\left ( x\right ) \) is the steady state solution which only needs to satisfy the non-homogeneous boundary conditions. At equilibrium \(\frac {\partial ^{2}u\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial t^{2}}=0\) and the PDE becomes \(\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{E}\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial t^{2}}=0\) or the ODE \(\frac {d^{2}u_{E}\left ( x,t\right ) }{dx^{2}}=0\) with B.C. \(u_{E}\left ( 0\right ) =0,u_{E}^{\prime }\left ( L\right ) =C\). The solution to this ODE is\[ u_{E}\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}x+c_{2}\] At first B.C.\[ 0=c_{2}\] Solution becomes \(u_{E}\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}x\). At second B.C. \(u_{E}^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}=C\). Therefore solution is\[ u_{E}\left ( x\right ) =Cx \] Hence\[ u\left ( x,t\right ) =v\left ( x,t\right ) +Cx \] \(v\left ( x,t\right ) \) is the solution to the PDE but with homogeneous B.C. Plugging (2) into (1) gives\[ \frac {\partial ^{2}v\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial t^{2}}+\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{E}\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial t^{2}}=c\left ( \frac {\partial ^{2}v\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial x^{2}}+\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{E}\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial x^{2}}\right ) \] But \(\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{E}\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial x^{2}}=0\) and also \(\frac {\partial ^{2}u_{E}\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial t^{2}}=0\), hence above becomes\[ \frac {\partial ^{2}v\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial t^{2}}=c\frac {\partial ^{2}v\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial x^{2}}\] With \(v\left ( x,t\right ) \) having now homogeneous B.C.\begin {align*} v\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\\ \frac {\partial v\left ( L,t\right ) }{\partial x} & =0 \end {align*}

And initial conditions given by\begin {align*} v\left ( x,0\right ) & =u\left ( x,0\right ) -u_{E}\left ( x\right ) \\ & =0-Cx\\ & =-Cx \end {align*}

And\begin {align*} \frac {\partial v\left ( x,0\right ) }{\partial t} & =\frac {\partial u\left ( x,0\right ) }{\partial t}-\frac {\partial u_{E}\left ( x\right ) }{\partial t}\\ & =0 \end {align*}

In summary, the PDE to solve for \(v\left ( x,t\right ) \) is\begin {align} \frac {\partial ^{2}v\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial t^{2}} & =c\frac {\partial ^{2}v\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial x^{2}}\tag {3}\\ v\left ( 0,t\right ) & =0\nonumber \\ \frac {\partial v\left ( L,t\right ) }{\partial x} & =0\nonumber \\ v\left ( x,0\right ) & =-Cx\nonumber \\ \frac {\partial v\left ( x,0\right ) }{\partial t} & =0\nonumber \end {align}

Now we solve for PDE (3) for \(v\left ( x,t\right ) \) using separation of variables since the boundary conditions in space are now homogeneous. Let \(v\left ( x,t\right ) =X\left ( x\right ) T\left ( t\right ) \) and the PDE becomes\[ \frac {1}{c}T^{\prime \prime }X=X^{\prime \prime }T \] Dividing by \(XT\neq 0\) gives\begin {equation} \frac {1}{c}\frac {T^{\prime \prime }}{T}=\frac {X^{\prime \prime }}{X}=-\lambda \tag {4} \end {equation} Where \(\lambda \) is some real positive constant. The space ODE becomes\begin {align*} X^{\prime \prime }+\lambda X & =0\\ X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\\ X^{\prime }\left ( L\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Case \(\lambda <0\): Let The solution is\[ X\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}\cosh \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +c_{2}\sinh \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] At \(x=0\)\[ 0=c_{1}\] Hence solution becomes \[ X\left ( x\right ) =c_{2}\sinh \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Taking derivative\[ X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) =\sqrt {\lambda }c_{2}\cosh \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Using second boundary conditions gives\[ 0=\sqrt {\lambda }c_{2}\cosh \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) \] Since \(\cosh \) is zero only when its argument is zero. But we assumed \(\sqrt {\lambda }\) not zero here, then \(c_{2}=0\) in only other choice. Hence this gives trivial solution. Therefore \(\lambda <0\) is not possible.

Case \(\lambda =0\)\begin {align*} X^{\prime \prime } & =0\\ X\left ( 0\right ) & =0\\ X^{\prime }\left ( L\right ) & =0 \end {align*}

Solution is \(X\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}x+c_{2}\). First B.C. gives \(0=c_{2}\). Solution becomes \(X\left ( x\right ) =c_{1}x\). Second B.C. gives \(c_{1}=0\). This gives trivial solution again. Hence \(\lambda =0\) is not possible eigenvalue.

Case \(\lambda >0\): The solution becomes\[ X\left ( x\right ) =B_{1}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) +B_{2}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] AT first B.C.\[ 0=B_{1}\] Hence solution becomes\[ X\left ( x\right ) =B_{2}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] Taking derivative\[ X^{\prime }\left ( x\right ) =\sqrt {\lambda }B_{2}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }x\right ) \] At second B.C.\[ 0=\sqrt {\lambda }B_{2}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) \] To avoid trivial solution, take \(\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda }L\right ) =0\) or \(\sqrt {\lambda }L=\frac {\pi }{2},\frac {3\pi }{2},\frac {5\pi }{2},\cdots \) or \begin {align} \sqrt {\lambda } & =\frac {\pi }{2L},\frac {3\pi }{2L},\frac {5\pi }{2L},\cdots \nonumber \\ \sqrt {\lambda _{n}} & =\left ( \frac {n\pi }{2L}\right ) \qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \nonumber \\ & =\frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\qquad n=0,1,2,\cdots \tag {5} \end {align}

Hence the space solution is\begin {equation} X_{n}\left ( x\right ) =B_{n}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \qquad n=1,3,5,\cdots \tag {6} \end {equation} Now we solve the time ODE \(T\left ( t\right ) \) from (4), which is\[ T^{\prime \prime }+\lambda cT=0 \] The solution is\[ T_{n}\left ( t\right ) =D_{n}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}c}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}c}t\right ) \] Therefore\begin {align*} v\left ( x,t\right ) & =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }T_{n}\left ( t\right ) X_{n}\left ( x\right ) \\ & =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( D_{n}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}c}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}c}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \end {align*}

Where constant \(B_{n}\) merged with the other constants. Now At \(t=0\)\[ -Cx=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }D_{n}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \] Applying orthogonality\begin {align*} -\int _{0}^{L}Cx\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) dx & =D_{n}\int _{0}^{L}\sin ^{2}\left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) dx\\ -C\int _{0}^{L}x\sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) dx & =D_{n}\frac {L}{2}\\ -C\left ( \frac {4\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}L^{2}}{\left ( \pi +2n\pi \right ) ^{2}}\right ) & =D_{n}\frac {L}{2}\\ D_{n} & =-C\frac {8\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}L}{\left ( \pi +2n\pi \right ) ^{2}} \end {align*}

Therefore\[ v\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( -C\frac {8\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}L}{\left ( \pi +2n\pi \right ) ^{2}}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}c}t\right ) +E_{n}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}c}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \] Taking time derivative\[ \frac {\partial v\left ( x,t\right ) }{\partial t}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left ( C\frac {8\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}L}{\left ( \pi +2n\pi \right ) ^{2}}\frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}c}t\right ) +E_{n}\sqrt {\lambda _{n}c}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}c}t\right ) \right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \] At \(t=0\)\[ 0=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }E_{n}\sqrt {\lambda _{n}c}\sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \] Hence \(E_{n}=0\). Therefore solution becomes\[ v\left ( x,t\right ) =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }-C\frac {8\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}L}{\left ( \pi +2n\pi \right ) ^{2}}\cos \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}c}t\right ) \sin \left ( \sqrt {\lambda _{n}}x\right ) \] Therefore, since \(u\left ( x,t\right ) =v\left ( x,t\right ) +u_{E}\left ( x\right ) \) then\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =Cx-C\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac {8\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}L}{\left ( \pi +2n\pi \right ) ^{2}}\cos \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}\sqrt {c}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{2L}x\right ) \tag {7} \end {equation} This animation runs for 40 seconds for \(L=10,c=1,C=5\). The solution becomes\begin {equation} u\left ( x,t\right ) =5x-5\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\frac {80\left ( -1\right ) ^{n}}{\left ( \pi +2n\pi \right ) ^{2}}\cos \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{20}\sqrt {10}t\right ) \sin \left ( \frac {\left ( 2n+1\right ) \pi }{20}x\right ) \tag {7} \end {equation}

Code used for the above is

L=10;c=1; C0=5; 
sqrtLam= (2 n +1) Pi/(2 L); 
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]; 
Grid[{{Row[{"Solution at time = ",i}]}, 
{Plot[mysol/.t->i,{x,0,10},PlotRange->{{0,10},{-10,100}}% 
,ImageSize->500,GridLines->Automatic,GridLinesStyle->LightGray,PlotStyle->Red]}% 
}], 
{{i,0,"time"},0,100,.1,Appearance->"Labeled"}, 
{{numberOfTerms,1,"n"},1,1000,1,Appearance->"Labeled"} 
]
 

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