2.33.18 Problem 227

Internal problem ID [13888]
Book : Handbook of exact solutions for ordinary differential equations. By Polyanin and Zaitsev. Second edition
Section : Chapter 2, Second-Order Differential Equations. section 2.1.2-7
Problem number : 227
Date solved : Friday, December 19, 2025 at 07:30:37 PM
CAS classification : [[_2nd_order, _with_linear_symmetries]]

\begin{align*} a \left (x^{2}-1\right )^{2} y^{\prime \prime }+b x \left (x^{2}-1\right ) y^{\prime }+\left (c \,x^{2}+d x +e \right ) y&=0 \\ \end{align*}

2.33.18.1 ✓ Maple. Time used: 0.017 (sec). Leaf size: 558

ode:=a*(x^2-1)^2*diff(diff(y(x),x),x)+b*x*(x^2-1)*diff(y(x),x)+(c*x^2+d*x+e)*y(x) = 0; 
dsolve(ode,y(x), singsol=all);
 

\[ y = \frac {\left (x^{2}-1\right )^{-\frac {b}{4 a}} \sqrt {2 x +2}\, \left (\left (\frac {x}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\right )^{-\frac {\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c +4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}}{4 a}} \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [\frac {\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c -4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}-2 \sqrt {a^{2}+\left (-2 b -4 c \right ) a +b^{2}}-\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c +4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}+2 a}{4 a}, \frac {\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c -4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}+2 \sqrt {a^{2}+\left (-2 b -4 c \right ) a +b^{2}}-\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c +4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}+2 a}{4 a}\right ], \left [1-\frac {\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c +4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}}{2 a}\right ], \frac {x}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\right ) c_1 +\left (\frac {x}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\right )^{\frac {\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c +4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}}{4 a}} \operatorname {hypergeom}\left (\left [\frac {\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c -4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}-2 \sqrt {a^{2}+\left (-2 b -4 c \right ) a +b^{2}}+\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c +4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}+2 a}{4 a}, \frac {\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c -4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}+2 \sqrt {a^{2}+\left (-2 b -4 c \right ) a +b^{2}}+\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c +4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}+2 a}{4 a}\right ], \left [1+\frac {\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c +4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}}{2 a}\right ], \frac {x}{2}+\frac {1}{2}\right ) c_2 \right ) \sqrt {2 x -2}\, \left (\frac {x}{2}-\frac {1}{2}\right )^{\frac {\sqrt {4 a^{2}+\left (-4 b -4 c -4 d -4 e \right ) a +b^{2}}}{4 a}}}{4} \]

Maple trace

Methods for second order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
checking if the LODE has constant coefficients 
checking if the LODE is of Euler type 
trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
checking if the LODE is missing y 
-> Trying a Liouvillian solution using Kovacics algorithm 
<- No Liouvillian solutions exists 
-> Trying a solution in terms of special functions: 
   -> Bessel 
   -> elliptic 
   -> Legendre 
   -> Whittaker 
      -> hyper3: Equivalence to 1F1 under a power @ Moebius 
   -> hypergeometric 
      -> heuristic approach 
      -> hyper3: Equivalence to 2F1, 1F1 or 0F1 under a power @ Moebius 
      <- hyper3 successful: received ODE is equivalent to the 2F1 ODE 
   <- hypergeometric successful 
<- special function solution successful
 

2.33.18.2 ✓ Mathematica. Time used: 131.018 (sec). Leaf size: 1763961

ode=a*(x^2-1)^2*D[y[x],{x,2}]+b*x*(x^2-1)*D[y[x],x]+(c*x^2+d*x+e)*y[x]==0; 
ic={}; 
DSolve[{ode,ic},y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions->True]
 

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2.33.18.3 ✗ Sympy

from sympy import * 
x = symbols("x") 
a = symbols("a") 
b = symbols("b") 
c = symbols("c") 
d = symbols("d") 
e = symbols("e") 
y = Function("y") 
ode = Eq(a*(x**2 - 1)**2*Derivative(y(x), (x, 2)) + b*x*(x**2 - 1)*Derivative(y(x), x) + (c*x**2 + d*x + e)*y(x),0) 
ics = {} 
dsolve(ode,func=y(x),ics=ics)
 

False
 

Python version: 3.12.3 (main, Aug 14 2025, 17:47:21) [GCC 13.3.0] 
Sympy version 1.14.0
 

classify_ode(ode,func=y(x)) 
 
('factorable', '2nd_hypergeometric', '2nd_hypergeometric_Integral', '2nd_power_series_ordinary')