2.19.18 Problem 18

Internal problem ID [13466]
Book : Handbook of exact solutions for ordinary differential equations. By Polyanin and Zaitsev. Second edition
Section : Chapter 1, section 1.2. Riccati Equation. subsection 1.2.8-1. Equations containing arbitrary functions (but not containing their derivatives).
Problem number : 18
Date solved : Sunday, January 18, 2026 at 08:22:45 PM
CAS classification : [_Riccati]

2.19.18.1 Solved using first_order_ode_riccati_by_guessing_particular_solution

0.173 (sec)

Entering first order ode riccati guess solver

\begin{align*} y^{\prime }&=f \left (x \right ) y^{2}+g \left (x \right ) y+a \lambda \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x}-a \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x} g \left (x \right )-a^{2} {\mathrm e}^{2 \lambda x} f \left (x \right ) \\ \end{align*}

This is a Riccati ODE. Comparing the above ODE to solve with the Riccati standard form

\[ y' = f_0(x)+ f_1(x)y+f_2(x)y^{2} \]

Shows that

\begin{align*} f_0(x) & =-a^{2} {\mathrm e}^{2 \lambda x} f \left (x \right )-a \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x} g \left (x \right )+a \lambda \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x}\\ f_1(x) & =g \left (x \right )\\ f_2(x) &=f \left (x \right ) \end{align*}

Using trial and error, the following particular solution was found

\[ y_p = {\mathrm e}^{\lambda x} a \]

Since a particular solution is known, then the general solution is given by

\begin{align*} y &= y_p + \frac { \phi (x) }{ c_1 - \int { \phi (x) f_2 \,dx} } \end{align*}

Where

\begin{align*} \phi (x) &= e^{ \int 2 f_2 y_p + f_1 \,dx } \end{align*}

Evaluating the above gives the general solution as

\[ y = {\mathrm e}^{\lambda x} a +\frac {{\mathrm e}^{\int \left (2 a \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x} f \left (x \right )+g \left (x \right )\right )d x}}{c_1 -\int {\mathrm e}^{\int \left (2 a \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x} f \left (x \right )+g \left (x \right )\right )d x} f \left (x \right )d x} \]

Summary of solutions found

\begin{align*} y &= {\mathrm e}^{\lambda x} a +\frac {{\mathrm e}^{\int \left (2 a \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x} f \left (x \right )+g \left (x \right )\right )d x}}{c_1 -\int {\mathrm e}^{\int \left (2 a \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x} f \left (x \right )+g \left (x \right )\right )d x} f \left (x \right )d x} \\ \end{align*}

2.19.18.2 ✗ Maple

ode:=diff(y(x),x) = f(x)*y(x)^2+g(x)*y(x)+a*lambda*exp(lambda*x)-a*exp(lambda*x)*g(x)-a^2*exp(2*lambda*x)*f(x); 
dsolve(ode,y(x), singsol=all);
 

\[ \text {No solution found} \]

Maple trace

Methods for first order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
trying 1st order linear 
trying Bernoulli 
trying separable 
trying inverse linear 
trying homogeneous types: 
trying Chini 
differential order: 1; looking for linear symmetries 
trying exact 
Looking for potential symmetries 
trying Riccati 
trying Riccati sub-methods: 
   trying Riccati_symmetries 
   trying Riccati to 2nd Order 
   -> Calling odsolve with the ODE, diff(diff(y(x),x),x) = (f(x)*g(x)+diff(f(x) 
,x))/f(x)*diff(y(x),x)+f(x)*a*(f(x)*exp(2*lambda*x)*a+g(x)*exp(lambda*x)-lambda 
*exp(lambda*x))*y(x), y(x) 
      *** Sublevel 2 *** 
      Methods for second order ODEs: 
      --- Trying classification methods --- 
      trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
      checking if the LODE is missing y 
      -> Heun: Equivalence to the GHE or one of its 4 confluent cases under a \ 
power @ Moebius 
      -> trying a solution of the form r0(x) * Y + r1(x) * Y where Y = exp(int\ 
(r(x), dx)) * 2F1([a1, a2], [b1], f) 
      -> Trying changes of variables to rationalize or make the ODE simpler 
         trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
         checking if the LODE is missing y 
         -> Heun: Equivalence to the GHE or one of its 4 confluent cases under \ 
a power @ Moebius 
         -> trying a solution of the form r0(x) * Y + r1(x) * Y where Y = exp(\ 
int(r(x), dx)) * 2F1([a1, a2], [b1], f) 
            trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
            trying 2nd order exact linear 
            trying symmetries linear in x and y(x) 
            trying to convert to a linear ODE with constant coefficients 
         trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
         checking if the LODE is missing y 
         -> Heun: Equivalence to the GHE or one of its 4 confluent cases under \ 
a power @ Moebius 
         -> trying a solution of the form r0(x) * Y + r1(x) * Y where Y = exp(\ 
int(r(x), dx)) * 2F1([a1, a2], [b1], f) 
            trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
            trying 2nd order exact linear 
            trying symmetries linear in x and y(x) 
            trying to convert to a linear ODE with constant coefficients 
            -> trying with_periodic_functions in the coefficients 
      <- unable to find a useful change of variables 
         trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
         trying 2nd order exact linear 
         trying symmetries linear in x and y(x) 
         trying to convert to a linear ODE with constant coefficients 
         trying 2nd order, integrating factor of the form mu(x,y) 
         trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
         checking if the LODE is missing y 
         -> Heun: Equivalence to the GHE or one of its 4 confluent cases under \ 
a power @ Moebius 
         -> trying a solution of the form r0(x) * Y + r1(x) * Y where Y = exp(\ 
int(r(x), dx)) * 2F1([a1, a2], [b1], f) 
         -> Trying changes of variables to rationalize or make the ODE simpler 
            trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
            checking if the LODE is missing y 
            -> Heun: Equivalence to the GHE or one of its 4 confluent cases und\ 
er a power @ Moebius 
            -> trying a solution of the form r0(x) * Y + r1(x) * Y where Y = e\ 
xp(int(r(x), dx)) * 2F1([a1, a2], [b1], f) 
               trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
               trying 2nd order exact linear 
               trying symmetries linear in x and y(x) 
               trying to convert to a linear ODE with constant coefficients 
            trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
            checking if the LODE is missing y 
            -> Heun: Equivalence to the GHE or one of its 4 confluent cases und\ 
er a power @ Moebius 
            -> trying a solution of the form r0(x) * Y + r1(x) * Y where Y = e\ 
xp(int(r(x), dx)) * 2F1([a1, a2], [b1], f) 
               trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
               trying 2nd order exact linear 
               trying symmetries linear in x and y(x) 
               trying to convert to a linear ODE with constant coefficients 
               -> trying with_periodic_functions in the coefficients 
         <- unable to find a useful change of variables 
            trying a symmetry of the form [xi=0, eta=F(x)] 
         trying to convert to an ODE of Bessel type 
   -> Trying a change of variables to reduce to Bernoulli 
   -> Calling odsolve with the ODE, diff(y(x),x)-(f(x)*y(x)^2+y(x)+g(x)*y(x)*x+ 
x^2*(a*lambda*exp(lambda*x)-a*exp(lambda*x)*g(x)-a^2*exp(2*lambda*x)*f(x)))/x, 
y(x), explicit 
      *** Sublevel 2 *** 
      Methods for first order ODEs: 
      --- Trying classification methods --- 
      trying a quadrature 
      trying 1st order linear 
      trying Bernoulli 
      trying separable 
      trying inverse linear 
      trying homogeneous types: 
      trying Chini 
      differential order: 1; looking for linear symmetries 
      trying exact 
      Looking for potential symmetries 
      trying Riccati 
      trying Riccati sub-methods: 
         trying Riccati_symmetries 
      trying inverse_Riccati 
      trying 1st order ODE linearizable_by_differentiation 
   -> trying a symmetry pattern of the form [F(x)*G(y), 0] 
   -> trying a symmetry pattern of the form [0, F(x)*G(y)] 
   -> trying a symmetry pattern of the form [F(x),G(x)*y+H(x)] 
trying inverse_Riccati 
trying 1st order ODE linearizable_by_differentiation 
--- Trying Lie symmetry methods, 1st order --- 
   -> Computing symmetries using: way = 4 
   -> Computing symmetries using: way = 2 
   -> Computing symmetries using: way = 6
 

Maple step by step

\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )=f \left (x \right ) y \left (x \right )^{2}+g \left (x \right ) y \left (x \right )+a \lambda \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x}-a \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x} g \left (x \right )-a^{2} {\mathrm e}^{2 \lambda x} f \left (x \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 1 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for the highest derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )=f \left (x \right ) y \left (x \right )^{2}+g \left (x \right ) y \left (x \right )+a \lambda \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x}-a \,{\mathrm e}^{\lambda x} g \left (x \right )-a^{2} {\mathrm e}^{2 \lambda x} f \left (x \right ) \end {array} \]

2.19.18.3 ✗ Mathematica

ode=D[y[x],x]==f[x]*y[x]^2+g[x]*y[x]+a*\[Lambda]*Exp[\[Lambda]*x]-a*Exp[\[Lambda]*x]*g[x]-a^2*Exp[2*\[Lambda]*x]*f[x]; 
ic={}; 
DSolve[{ode,ic},y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions->True]
 

Not solved

2.19.18.4 ✗ Sympy

from sympy import * 
x = symbols("x") 
a = symbols("a") 
lambda_ = symbols("lambda_") 
y = Function("y") 
f = Function("f") 
g = Function("g") 
ode = Eq(a**2*f(x)*exp(2*lambda_*x) - a*lambda_*exp(lambda_*x) + a*g(x)*exp(lambda_*x) - f(x)*y(x)**2 - g(x)*y(x) + Derivative(y(x), x),0) 
ics = {} 
dsolve(ode,func=y(x),ics=ics)
 

Timed Out
 

Python version: 3.12.3 (main, Aug 14 2025, 17:47:21) [GCC 13.3.0] 
Sympy version 1.14.0