2.18.5 Problem 34

Internal problem ID [13447]
Book : Handbook of exact solutions for ordinary differential equations. By Polyanin and Zaitsev. Second edition
Section : Chapter 1, section 1.2. Riccati Equation. subsection 1.2.7-3. Equations containing arctangent.
Problem number : 34
Date solved : Friday, December 19, 2025 at 04:28:55 AM
CAS classification : [[_1st_order, `_with_symmetry_[F(x),G(x)]`], _Riccati]

\begin{align*} y^{\prime }&=\lambda \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \left (y-a \,x^{m}-b \right )^{2}+a m \,x^{m -1} \\ \end{align*}

Entering first order ode riccati solver

\begin{align*} y^{\prime }&=\lambda \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \left (y-a \,x^{m}-b \right )^{2}+a m \,x^{m -1} \\ \end{align*}

In canonical form the ODE is

\begin{align*} y' &= F(x,y)\\ &= \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{2 m} a^{2} \lambda +2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a b \lambda -2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a \lambda y +b^{2} \lambda \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n}-2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} b \lambda y +\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda \,y^{2}+a m \,x^{m -1} \end{align*}

This is a Riccati ODE. Comparing the ODE to solve

\[ y' = \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{2 m} a^{2} \lambda +2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a b \lambda -2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a \lambda y +b^{2} \lambda \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n}-2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} b \lambda y +\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda \,y^{2}+\frac {a m \,x^{m}}{x} \]

With Riccati ODE standard form

\[ y' = f_0(x)+ f_1(x)y+f_2(x)y^{2} \]

Shows that \(f_0(x)=\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{2 m} a^{2} \lambda +2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a b \lambda +b^{2} \lambda \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n}+a m \,x^{m -1}\), \(f_1(x)=-2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a \lambda -2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda b\) and \(f_2(x)=\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda \). Let

\begin{align*} y &= \frac {-u'}{f_2 u} \\ &= \frac {-u'}{\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda u} \tag {1} \end{align*}

Using the above substitution in the given ODE results (after some simplification) in a second order ODE to solve for \(u(x)\) which is

\begin{align*} f_2 u''(x) -\left ( f_2' + f_1 f_2 \right ) u'(x) + f_2^2 f_0 u(x) &= 0 \tag {2} \end{align*}

But

\begin{align*} f_2' &=-\frac {\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} n \lambda }{\left (x^{2}+1\right ) \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )}\\ f_1 f_2 &=\left (-2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a \lambda -2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda b \right ) \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda \\ f_2^2 f_0 &=\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{2 n} \lambda ^{2} \left (\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{2 m} a^{2} \lambda +2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a b \lambda +b^{2} \lambda \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n}+a m \,x^{m -1}\right ) \end{align*}

Substituting the above terms back in equation (2) gives

\[ \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda u^{\prime \prime }\left (x \right )-\left (-\frac {\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} n \lambda }{\left (x^{2}+1\right ) \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )}+\left (-2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a \lambda -2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda b \right ) \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda \right ) u^{\prime }\left (x \right )+\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{2 n} \lambda ^{2} \left (\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{2 m} a^{2} \lambda +2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a b \lambda +b^{2} \lambda \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n}+a m \,x^{m -1}\right ) u \left (x \right ) = 0 \]

Unable to solve. Will ask Maple to solve this ode now.

The solution for \(u \left (x \right )\) is

\begin{equation} \tag{3} u \left (x \right ) = \operatorname {DESol}\left (\left \{\textit {\_Y}^{\prime \prime }\left (x \right )-\frac {\left (-\frac {\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} n \lambda }{\left (x^{2}+1\right ) \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )}+\left (-2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a \lambda -2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda b \right ) \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda \right ) \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{-n} \textit {\_Y}^{\prime }\left (x \right )}{\lambda }+\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} \lambda \left (\operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{2 m} a^{2} \lambda +2 \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n} x^{m} a b \lambda +b^{2} \lambda \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n}+a m \,x^{m -1}\right ) \textit {\_Y} \left (x \right )\right \}, \left \{\textit {\_Y} \left (x \right )\right \}\right ) \end{equation}

Unable to solve. Terminating.

Unable to solve. Terminating.

2.18.5.1 ✓ Maple. Time used: 0.010 (sec). Leaf size: 24

ode:=diff(y(x),x) = lambda*arccot(x)^n*(y(x)-a*x^m-b)^2+a*m*x^(m-1); 
dsolve(ode,y(x), singsol=all);
 

\[ y = a \,x^{m}+b +\frac {1}{c_1 -\lambda \int \operatorname {arccot}\left (x \right )^{n}d x} \]

Maple trace

Methods for first order ODEs: 
--- Trying classification methods --- 
trying a quadrature 
trying 1st order linear 
trying Bernoulli 
trying separable 
trying inverse linear 
trying homogeneous types: 
trying Chini 
differential order: 1; looking for linear symmetries 
trying exact 
Looking for potential symmetries 
trying Riccati 
trying Riccati sub-methods: 
   <- Riccati particular case Kamke (d) successful
 

Maple step by step

\[ \begin {array}{lll} & {} & \textrm {Let's solve}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )=\lambda \mathrm {arccot}\left (x \right )^{13447} \left (y \left (x \right )-a \,x^{m}-b \right )^{2}+a m \,x^{m -1} \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Highest derivative means the order of the ODE is}\hspace {3pt} 1 \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right ) \\ \bullet & {} & \textrm {Solve for the highest derivative}\hspace {3pt} \\ {} & {} & \frac {d}{d x}y \left (x \right )=\lambda \mathrm {arccot}\left (x \right )^{13447} \left (y \left (x \right )-a \,x^{m}-b \right )^{2}+a m \,x^{m -1} \end {array} \]

2.18.5.2 ✓ Mathematica. Time used: 1.043 (sec). Leaf size: 44

ode=D[y[x],x]==\[Lambda]*ArcCot[x]^n*(y[x]-a*x^m-b)^2+a*m*x^(m-1); 
ic={}; 
DSolve[{ode,ic},y[x],x,IncludeSingularSolutions->True]
 

\begin{align*} y(x)&\to \frac {1}{-\int _1^x\lambda \cot ^{-1}(K[2])^ndK[2]+c_1}+a x^m+b\\ y(x)&\to a x^m+b \end{align*}

2.18.5.3 ✗ Sympy

from sympy import * 
x = symbols("x") 
a = symbols("a") 
b = symbols("b") 
lambda_ = symbols("lambda_") 
m = symbols("m") 
n = symbols("n") 
y = Function("y") 
ode = Eq(-a*m*x**(m - 1) - lambda_*(-atan(x) + pi/2)**n*(-a*x**m - b + y(x))**2 + Derivative(y(x), x),0) 
ics = {} 
dsolve(ode,func=y(x),ics=ics)
 

Timed Out
 

Python version: 3.12.3 (main, Aug 14 2025, 17:47:21) [GCC 13.3.0] 
Sympy version 1.14.0